Fingerprinting soot (towards source identification): Physical structure and chemical composition

Wal, Randy L. Vander; Bryg, Vicky M.; Hays, Michael D.

doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.008

Cited by 132 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The graphene sheet separation distance varies between 0.19 and 0.60 nm, the mean values of different grains between 0.25 and 0.47 nm. This range is slightly larger than typically observed for soot ( Vander Wal et al, 2010;Li et al, 2011;Liati et al, 2014;. All samples, with the exception of one (sample D), were collected inside the polar vortex.…”

Section: Tem Analysis Of the Particle Nanostructurementioning

confidence: 83%

“…Soot is described as the main particulate exhaust component (Twohy and Gandrud, 1998;Popovitcheva et al, 2000;Smekens et al, 2005;Vander Wal et al, 2010;Liati et al, 2014). The observed soot consisted of primary particles 10-50 nm in diameter which formed aggregates with diameters of up to approximately 450 nm (Twohy and Gandrud, 1998;Popovitcheva et al, 2000;Smekens et al, 2005;Liati et al, 2014).…”

Section: Aircraft Exhaustmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The observed soot consisted of primary particles 10-50 nm in diameter which formed aggregates with diameters of up to approximately 450 nm (Twohy and Gandrud, 1998;Popovitcheva et al, 2000;Smekens et al, 2005;Liati et al, 2014). The nanostructure of the primary particles varied from an onion-shell structure with partial ordering (Popovitcheva et al, 2000;Vander Wal et al, 2010) to completely amorphous (Twohy and Gandrud, 1998). The mean graphene sheet separation distance of the partly ordered primary particles varied between 0.36 and 0.41 nm (Vander Wal et al, 2010;Liati et al, 2014).…”

Section: Aircraft Exhaustmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nanostructure of the primary particles varied from an onion-shell structure with partial ordering (Popovitcheva et al, 2000;Vander Wal et al, 2010) to completely amorphous (Twohy and Gandrud, 1998). The mean graphene sheet separation distance of the partly ordered primary particles varied between 0.36 and 0.41 nm (Vander Wal et al, 2010;Liati et al, 2014). An atomic O/C ratio of 0.32 was reported by Vander Wal et al (2010).…”

Section: Aircraft Exhaustmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mean graphene sheet separation distance of the partly ordered primary particles varied between 0.36 and 0.41 nm (Vander Wal et al, 2010;Liati et al, 2014). An atomic O/C ratio of 0.32 was reported by Vander Wal et al (2010). The elements S, Na (sodium), N (nitrogen), Zn (zinc), Ba (barium), Cl (chlorine), K (potassium), Fe and Si were detected in minor concentrations (Vander Wal et al, 2010;Mazaheri et al, 2013).…”

Section: Aircraft Exhaustmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sub-micrometer refractory carbonaceous particles in the polar stratosphere

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Eleven particle samples collected in the polar stratosphere during SOLVE (SAGE III Ozone loss and validation experiment) from January until March 2000 were characterized in detail by high-resolution transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM/SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. A total of 4202 particles (TEM = 3872; SEM = 330) were analyzed from these samples, which were collected mostly inside the polar vortex in the altitude range between 17.3 and 19.9 km. Particles that were volatile in the microscope beams contained ammonium sulfates and hydrogen sulfates and dominated the samples. Some particles with diameters ranging from 20 to 830 nm were refractory in the electron beams. Carbonaceous particles containing additional elements to C and O comprised from 72 to 100 % of the refractory particles. The rest were internal mixtures of these materials with sulfates. The median number mixing ratio of the refractory particles, expressed in units of particles per milligram of air, was 1.1 (mg air) −1 and varied between 0.65 and 2.3 (mg air) −1 .Most of the refractory carbonaceous particles are completely amorphous, a few of the particles are partly ordered with a graphene sheet separation distance of 0.37 ± 0.06 nm (mean value ± standard deviation). Carbon and oxygen are the only detected major elements with an atomic O/C ratio of 0.11 ± 0.07. Minor elements observed include Si, S, Fe, Cr and Ni with the following atomic ratios relative to C: Si/C: 0.010 ± 0.011; S/C: 0.0007 ± 0.0015; Fe/C: 0.0052 ± 0.0074; Cr/C: 0.0012 ± 0.0017; Ni/C: 0.0006 ± 0.0011 (all mean values ± standard deviation).High-resolution element distribution images reveal that the minor elements are distributed within the carbonaceous matrix; i.e., heterogeneous inclusions are not observed. No difference in size, nanostructure and elemental composition was found between particles collected inside and outside the polar vortex.Based on chemistry and nanostructure, aircraft exhaust, volcanic emissions and biomass burning can certainly be excluded as sources. The same is true for the less probable but globally important sources: wood burning, coal burning, diesel engines and ship emissions.Recondensed organic matter and extraterrestrial particles, potentially originating from ablation and fragmentation, remain as possible sources of the refractory carbonaceous particles studied. However, additional work is required in order to identify the sources unequivocally.

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Section: Tem Analysis Of the Particle Nanostructurementioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Aircraft Exhaustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Aircraft Exhaustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Aircraft Exhaustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Aircraft Exhaustmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sub-micrometer refractory carbonaceous particles in the polar stratosphere

et al. 2017

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Combustion Chemistry Diagnostics for Cleaner Processes

Kohse‐Höinghaus

2016

Chemistry A European J

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Climate change, environmental problems, urban pollution, and the dependence on fossil fuels demand cleaner, renewable energy strategies. However, they also ask for urgent advances in combustion science to reduce emissions. For alternative fuels and new combustion regimes, crucial information about the chemical reactions from fuel to exhaust remains lacking. Understanding such relations between combustion process, fuel, and emissions needs reliable experimental data from a wide range of conditions to provide a firm basis for predictive modeling of practical combustion processes.

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Room‐Temperature Synthesis of Mesoporous Sn/SnO₂ Composite as Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Tang

Huang

et al. 2016

Eur J Inorg Chem

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Fingerprinting soot (towards source identification): Physical structure and chemical composition

Cited by 132 publications

References 35 publications

Sub-micrometer refractory carbonaceous particles in the polar stratosphere

Sub-micrometer refractory carbonaceous particles in the polar stratosphere

Combustion Chemistry Diagnostics for Cleaner Processes

Room‐Temperature Synthesis of Mesoporous Sn/SnO₂ Composite as Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

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Fingerprinting soot (towards source identification): Physical structure and chemical composition

Cited by 132 publications

References 35 publications

Sub-micrometer refractory carbonaceous particles in the polar stratosphere

Sub-micrometer refractory carbonaceous particles in the polar stratosphere

Combustion Chemistry Diagnostics for Cleaner Processes

Room‐Temperature Synthesis of Mesoporous Sn/SnO2 Composite as Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

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Product

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Room‐Temperature Synthesis of Mesoporous Sn/SnO₂ Composite as Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries