Finite element analysis for evaluation of cure level in a large rubber part

Heat conductivity, curing rate and fatigue crack growth properties of carbon black-filled styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/ butadiene rubber (BR) blend that is frequently used in passenger car tire treads were simultaneously improved by a hybrid filler system of carbon black, high dispersible precipitated silica, modified layered silicate and ultra-light mixed filler of alumina and aluminum sulfate. An optimum formulation was obtained and a study of mechanisms governing composite properties has been performed according to the filler variables through the designing of experiments and the regression and statistical analysis and with the aid of composite characterization techniques such as dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and FE-SEM/EDX. Alumina could improve thermal conductivity, DeMatia crack growth, and the tensile strength of the rubber composite, along with relative maintenance of hardness and modulus. The effects of statistically significant interactions between silica and alumina on the abrasion behavior and thermal conductivity were observed, which was attributed to the presence of the silane coupling agent and the effect of modifying the alumina surface with the ethoxysilanes groups. The partial substitution of carbon black by high dispersible silica resulted in an increase in thermal diffusion coefficient, the improvement of heat buildup, resilience and DeMatia crack growth, and relative maintaining of tensile properties as well as a slight loss in abrasion and aging behavior of the tire tread composite. Through the increase of thermal diffusivity coefficient and a slightly improvement in the aging behavior, modified layered silicate (organoclay) caused a significant reduction in the optimum curing time of the tire tread composite. Some evidence has been provided for the interactions between modified layered silicate and silane coupling agent. The improvement in crack growth and thermal conductivity of the elastomer composite was attributed to smaller interparticle distances of hybrid filler system compared to those of carbon black filler system.

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“…The three-dimensional transient heat conduction equation (Eq. 3) was considered for the problem simulation [24,25]. In Eq.…”

Section: Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of mineral fillers on physico-mechanical properties and heat conductivity of carbon black-filled SBR/butadiene rubber composite

2020

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“…They have also been useful to establish some parameters that improve the understanding of factors such as the kinetics of the curing process and the order of the reactions that take place during the curing of elastomeric and thermosetting polymers. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Likewise, kinetic models have been employed in curing processes occurring under both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. Moreover, some of them have been implemented by fitting experimental data obtained during vulcanization rheometry or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of three vulcanization kinetic models for natural rubber/leather wastes composites

Yepes

Sánchez

Giraldo

et al. 2023

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

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In this article, the effect of leather residues from chrome tanning on the vulcanization kinetics and rheometric properties of a natural rubber composite was evaluated using three kinetic models proposed in the literature. Leather wastes were classified according to their size as fine (smaller than 0.6 mm) or coarse (between 0.84 and 2 mm). Subsequently, they were chemically treated with a sodium bicarbonate solution to neutralize their acidic nature derived from the tanning processes. The composites studied in this paper were obtained using a torque rheometer. Fine and coarse leather wastes were added to a natural rubber matrix in proportions of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 phr. The rheometric properties of all the composites were monitored during the curing process using a moving die rheometer. The addition of leather wastes increased the vulcanization time and stiffness of the composites; however, materials with fine leather wastes achieved lower vulcanization times than materials with coarse residues. The curves obtained during vulcanization rheometry were fitted to the three kinetic models, which made it possible to determine the kinetic parameters k and n. The fits for the three models were satisfactory based on the R-squared results. The values and trends of the kinetic parameters of each model were analyzed and related to the vulcanization phenomenon of each composite.

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“…In recent years, there are several studies attempted to develop mathematical models mostly based on finite element methods to simulate the curing process and predict cure levels in rubber parts [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. In this work, simulations of the curing process of a solid tire, consisting of three layers of different rubber compounds, are performed and the cure level distribution results are evaluated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The simulations are carried out using the commercial finite element software ABAQUS [10] with the cure kinetics model for rubber implemented through the user subroutine UMATHT. The numerical strategies and the implementation of the user subroutine used are described in our previous work [8][9]. The effects of the mold temperature and initial temperature of the solid tire on the cure level distribution and cure time are investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Rubber and Mould Temperatures on the Solid Tire Curing Process

Limrungruengrat

Chaikittiratana

Chantrasmi

et al. 2020

KEM

Self Cite

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Vulcanization or curing process is a very important process in producing useful rubber products. The quality, performance as well as manufacturing cost of a rubber product are largely affected by the curing process. The curing process takes place when heat is transferred to the rubber compounds inside a heated mould. Curing of a thick article, such as a solid tire, often occurs under transient non-isothermal conditions. The temperature distribution in the rubber significantly affects the cure level distribution throughout the part, especially in a large rubber component. Therefore the ability to predict the distribution of cure level in a rubber part during curing is of great importance for improving the process efficiency and the quality of the final product. In this work, simulations of the curing process of a solid tire, consisting of three layers of different rubber compounds, were performed and the cure level distribution results were evaluated. The simulations are carried out using the commercial finite element software ABAQUS with the cure kinetics model for rubber implemented through the user subroutine UMATHT. The effects of the mold temperature and initial temperature of the solid tire on the cure level distribution and cure time were investigated.

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Finite element analysis for evaluation of cure level in a large rubber part

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

Effect of mineral fillers on physico-mechanical properties and heat conductivity of carbon black-filled SBR/butadiene rubber composite

Effect of mineral fillers on physico-mechanical properties and heat conductivity of carbon black-filled SBR/butadiene rubber composite

Comparative study of three vulcanization kinetic models for natural rubber/leather wastes composites

Effects of Rubber and Mould Temperatures on the Solid Tire Curing Process

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