Finite‐Element Analysis of a Varying‐Width Bistable Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

Abstract

In this study, a finite‐element analysis of a varying‐width piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) has been presented. A varying‐width piezoelectric energy harvester (cantilever type) has variation in the width at definite intervals along its length. To harvest the energy over the wide frequency range of environmental vibrations, nonlinearity is introduced in the stiffness by mean of two neodymium magnets. The width of the proposed varying‐width cantilever PEH is calculated using block pulse functions (BPFs). The objective of applying BPFs is to proximate a triangular PEH (with fixed base) into a proposed varying‐width PEH with three rectangular sections along length. The use of BPFs enable the use of rectangular patches of lead zirconate titanate (PZT‐5A). This leads to a reduction in cost as machining PZT at other than straight cuts results in an extensive increase in the production costs. The varying‐width piezoelectric cantilever beam is subjected to harmonic base excitations by applying a vertical acceleration of 0.2 g (g=9.81 m s−2). Numerical study indicates that the bistable varying‐width PEH generates at least two times the average power than that generated by a bistable uniform‐width PEH for the same volume of piezoelectric material and for the same linear natural frequency. Furthermore, the bistable varying‐width PEH is optimized using a genetic algorithm technique to maximize the mean power density.

A Review of Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvesting with Magnetic Coupling Based on Different Structural Characteristics

“…A typical bistable nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvester is shown in Figure 5 a [ 136 ]. Two magnets were used to generate a repulsive force.…”

“…The generated average power during harmonic base excitation of bistable beams and the linear rectangular one (without considering nonlinearity in stiffness) were plotted in Figure 6 . It showed bistable piezoelectric beams could generate substantially higher power values over a wide range of vibration frequencies compared with the linear one [ 136 ].…”

“…Most vibration energy harvesters use a single degree-of-freedom system [ 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 ]. The typical bistable structure consisted of a piezoelectric beam converter coupled to permanent magnets [ 143 ], as shown in Figure 7 a.…”

“… ( a ) Schematic of piezoelectric cantilever beam with magnetic proof mass (reproduced with permission from [ 136 ]; published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2015. ( b ) Free-body diagram of magnets (reproduced with permission from [ 136 ]; published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2015. …”

Nonlinear dynamics and triboelectric energy harvesting from a three-degree-of-freedom vibro-impact oscillator

“…Alternatively, some PEH designs use techniques other than frequency up-conversion to harvest energy across relatively wider frequency ranges. Examples of these techniques include the use of variable-width bistable piezoelectric cantilever beams [32] and the use of selfresonating behaviour to create a passive self-tuning PEH [33].…”