“…The concept of using finite element (FE) analysis for modeling the spine is relatively new, but in recent years an increasing number of studies have adopted the technique to evaluate specific aspects of the complex biomechanics of the spine 30,38,50,65,66. In addition, there are examples of the application of FE modeling for the assessment of the vertebroplasty procedure on osteoporotic vertebrae using PMMA cement 2,11,25,47,53,59,61,62.…”