Finite element simulation based‐on atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation for spruce wood microstructure analysis

Abstract

Spruce wood (picea abis) has been widely used as structural element, from buildings to musical instruments, due to its outstanding mechanical performances. The main stem transverse section exhibits growth rings formed by periodic fringes patterns, which are constituted by lamellae‐tracheid arrangements. In order to improve the understanding of each wood microstructure role, the morphology and crystallinity of earlywood and latewood fibers were examined mainly using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X‐ray difracction. Moreover, measurements of effective elastic modulus and hardness were obtained by nanoindentation tests using a Berkovich indenter in order to confirmed increase in compactness of the wood microstructures. The results indicate that variations in mechanical properties values can be associated with well defined microstructural performances for each characteristic fiber type, where those that belong to latewood fiber showed the most improved behaviors. A finite element simulation of a lamellar‐tracheids arrangement was carried out in order to clarify its stiffness and elastic deformation capabilities, as relevant factors contributing to the successful adaptation of picea abis colonies to harsh conditions habitats as well as for its construction applications of string instruments.

Mechanical test and friction‐mapping on recycled polypropylene beads using atomic force microscopy

“…Oyen, 2015;Sarialioglu Gungor & Donmez, 2021;Yang et al, 2019;Zheng, Guo, Li, & Ma, 2019), metallic alloys (L. Li, Guo, Xu, Li, & Han, 2017;X. Zhou, Jiang, Wang, & Yu, 2008), natural products (Kawasaki et al, 2017;Torres-Torres, Torres, & García-García, 2019), and composites (Nagasaki, Ishikawa, Ito, Saito, & Iijima, 2021;Young, Crocker, Broughton, Ogin, & Smith, 2013). Following the use of the method proposed by Oliver and Pharr (Oliver, 1992) for viscoelastic behavior, nanoindentation tests have been applied for the mechanical tests and characterization of single fibers (Wang et al, 2014;Yu, Wang, Lu, Tian, & Lin, 2014), polymer thin-films (Ago, Jakes, & Rojas, 2013;Francius et al, 2006;Morozov, 2021;Park, Frihart, Yu, & Singh, 2013;Vlad-Cristea, Riedl, Blanchet, & Jimenez-Pique, 2012), and multi-phase composite materials (Hardiman, Vaughan, & McCarthy, 2015;Lee, Wang, Pharr, & Xu, 2007;Loubet, Oliver, & Lucas, 2000;Rodríguez, Garrido-Maneiro, Poza, & G omez-del Río, 2006).…”

“…Developed to characterize the mechanical properties of non‐homogeneous, or nanostructured materials at the nanoscale (Wornyo, Gall, Yang, & King, 2007), the nanoindentation technique has been widely used for the measurement of the material properties of polymers (Dominguez et al, 2012; Salerno, Dante, Patra, & Diaspro, 2010; Samadi‐Dooki, Malekmotiei, & Voyiadjis, 2016), ceramics (Gao & Mäder, 2002), biological samples (Chen, Cui, & Chen, 2021; X. Li & Guo, 2019; Oyen, 2015; Sarialioglu Gungor & Donmez, 2021; Yang et al, 2019; Zheng, Guo, Li, & Ma, 2019), metallic alloys (L. Li, Guo, Xu, Li, & Han, 2017; X. Zhou, Jiang, Wang, & Yu, 2008), natural products (Kawasaki et al, 2017; Torres‐Torres, Torres, & García‐García, 2019), and composites (Nagasaki, Ishikawa, Ito, Saito, & Iijima, 2021; Young, Crocker, Broughton, Ogin, & Smith, 2013). Following the use of the method proposed by Oliver and Pharr (Oliver, 1992) for viscoelastic behavior, nanoindentation tests have been applied for the mechanical tests and characterization of single fibers (Wang et al, 2014; Yu, Wang, Lu, Tian, & Lin, 2014), polymer thin‐films (Ago, Jakes, & Rojas, 2013; Francius et al, 2006; Morozov, 2021; Park, Frihart, Yu, & Singh, 2013; Vlad‐Cristea, Riedl, Blanchet, & Jimenez‐Pique, 2012), and multi‐phase composite materials (Hardiman, Vaughan, & McCarthy, 2015; Lee, Wang, Pharr, & Xu, 2007; Loubet, Oliver, & Lucas, 2000; Rodríguez, Garrido‐Maneiro, Poza, & Gómez‐del Río, 2006).…”