Finite size effect on Raman scattering of graphite microcrystals

Nakamura, Kazutaka G.; Fujitsuka, M.; Kitajima, Masahiro

doi:10.1016/0009-2614(90)85388-s

Cited by 28 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…We have identified sp 2 -related contributions, the G, D, and DЈbands ͑approximately 1575, 1360, and 1615 cm Ϫ1 , respectively͒. 38,39 The G peak is the E 2g graphite mode, while the D and DЈ modes are found in disordered graphiticlike sp 2 -bonded carbon. The relative intensity of the gra-phitic band in SHOCK DIAM increases with respect to the diamond phonon band with decreasing crystallite size.…”

Section: A Static and Dynamic Synthesized Samples: Raman Spectra Difmentioning

confidence: 90%

Nanocrystalline diamond: Effect of confinement, pressure, and heating on phonon modes

et al. 1997

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Micro-and nanocrystalline systems exhibit properties that differ markedly from bulk systems. Diamond, a prototypical system, demonstrates a broadening, shift, and emergence of Raman phonon modes that are believed to originate from finite-size effects. Such information should be useful in constraining confinement models developed to describe the state of these mesoscopic systems. For example, previous investigations have analyzed crystallite size and stresses in scientifically and technologically relevant environments, including chemical-vapor-deposition diamond films and diamond nanocomposites. We have experimentally measured the effect on the diamond Raman phonon modes due to confinement, pressure, and heating effects. At ambient pressure, we present Raman measurements for diamond crystallites ranging from 6 nm to 10 m, which were synthesized by both static and dynamic techniques. The Raman spectra obtained from the statically synthesized samples exhibit a characteristic strong and narrow diamond band, while those dynamically synthesized exhibit both diamond and graphiticlike features. A redshift of the diamond Raman band is observed for decreasing particle size. However, the pressure dependence of the phonon is about the same as that for the bulk system up to 30 kbar for crystallite sizes between 6 and 10 nm. Our measurements also indicate that heating effects from the incident laser dramatically affect the measured Raman spectra. This result leads us to an explanation for discrepancies among previously published results. We show that crystallite size and stress information cannot be determined without compensating for heating effects. Lastly, the phonon confinement model is able to explain the shifts of the Raman modes with size.

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Section: A Static and Dynamic Synthesized Samples: Raman Spectra Difmentioning

confidence: 90%

Nanocrystalline diamond: Effect of confinement, pressure, and heating on phonon modes

et al. 1997

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“…smaller than the wavelength of light), the presence of D band is observed when the laser excitation energy is 2.41 eV or more. This feature is assigned to the breathing of the carbon hexagons that become Raman active at the borders of the crystallite areas owing to the loss of translational symmetry [17,18]. This peak may even arise due to presence of defects in an otherwise perfect graphite crystal with large dimension.…”

Section: Raman Spectroscopic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas phase condensation of few-layer graphene with rotational stacking faults in an electric-arc

Karmakar

Nawale

Lalla

et al. 2013

Carbon

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We report the synthesis efficiency of few-layer graphene (FLG) in an external magnetic field modulated DC carbon arc in different non-reactive buffer gases. The effects of buffer gases on the anode erosion rate and the cathode deposit (CD) formation rate have been investigated during the synthesis of FLG. The constituents of the as-synthesized CDs were investigated using transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and Xray diffraction analysis. A plausible growth mechanism of such FLG is predicted. The results indicate that, under a parametrically optimized condition, an electric-arc of this kind can efficiently generate FLG with rotational stacking faults at a production-rate of few g/min. A guideline for controlling the number of layers of such FLG has also been suggested.

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“…Even though the shape of the G and 2D bands can also be changed by disorder (we will see that in Section 3.4), we will now focus on the D and D' bands that become activated by defects, whereas they are forbidden by selection rules for perfect graphene planes. We just mention that the rise of these bands subsequently to ion irradiation was first studied in the 1980s and 1990s on graphite [227,[234][235][236][237][238], giving an insight to the production and behavior of defects in graphite.…”

Section: Disordered Graphene As a Reference For More Disordered Carbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Guide to and Review of the Use of Multiwavelength Raman Spectroscopy for Characterizing Defective Aromatic Carbon Solids: from Graphene to Amorphous Carbons

2017

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sp 2 hybridized carbons constitute a broad class of solid phases composed primarily of elemental carbon and can be either synthetic or naturally occurring. Some examples are graphite, chars, soot, graphene, carbon nanotubes, pyrolytic carbon, and diamond-like carbon. They vary from highly ordered to completely disordered solids and detailed knowledge of their internal structure and composition is of utmost importance for the scientific and engineering communities working with these materials. Multiwavelength Raman spectroscopy has proven to be a very powerful and non-destructive tool for the characterization of carbons containing both aromatic domains and defects and has been widely used since the 1980s. Depending on the material studied, some specific spectroscopic parameters (e.g., band position, full width at half maximum, relative intensity ratio between two bands) are used to characterize defects. This paper is addressed first to (but not limited to) the newcomer in the field, who needs to be guided due to the vast literature on the subject, in order to understand the physics at play when dealing with Raman spectroscopy of graphene-based solids. We also give historical aspects on the development of the Raman spectroscopy technique and on its application to sp 2 hybridized carbons, which are generally not presented in the literature. We review the way Raman spectroscopy is used for sp 2 based carbon samples containing defects. As graphene is the building block for all these materials, we try to bridge these two worlds by also reviewing the use of Raman spectroscopy in the characterization of graphene and nanographenes (e.g., nanotubes, nanoribbons, nanocones, bombarded graphene). Counterintuitively, because of the Dirac cones in the electronic structure of graphene, Raman spectra are driven by electronic properties: Phonons and electrons being coupled by the double resonance mechanism. This justifies the use of multiwavelength Raman spectroscopy to better characterize these materials. We conclude with the possible influence of both phonon confinement and curvature of aromatic planes on the shape of Raman spectra, and discuss samples to be studied in the future with some complementary technique (e.g., high resolution transmission electron microscopy) in order to disentangle the influence of structure and defects.

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Finite size effect on Raman scattering of graphite microcrystals

Cited by 28 publications

References 11 publications

Nanocrystalline diamond: Effect of confinement, pressure, and heating on phonon modes

Nanocrystalline diamond: Effect of confinement, pressure, and heating on phonon modes

Gas phase condensation of few-layer graphene with rotational stacking faults in an electric-arc

A Guide to and Review of the Use of Multiwavelength Raman Spectroscopy for Characterizing Defective Aromatic Carbon Solids: from Graphene to Amorphous Carbons

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