“…Around the fracture front tip, the stress singularity happens for local theory. In order to model fracture and its evolution, various local theories have been proposed, for example, finite element method (FEM) [4], extended finite element method [5], phase-field fracture method [6,7,8], cracking particle method [9,10], extended finite element method [11], numerical manifold method [12], extended isogeometric analysis (XIGA) for three-dimensional crack [13], meshfree methods [14,15,16]. Another approach for fracture modeling is the nonlocal method.…”