Finite velocity of ECG signal propagation: preliminary theory, results of a pilot experiment and consequences for medical diagnosis

Buchner, Teodor; Zajdel, Maryla; Pęczalski, Kazimierz; Nowak, Paweł

doi:10.1038/s41598-023-29904-2

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…The velocity of the ECG in the human body is up to 1500 m/sec (Buchner et al, 2023). ECG propagates as an electroacoustic wave.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetism - Properties of Erythrocytes

Beraia,

Beraia

2024

GJHS

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At the onset of blood flow, red blood cells (RBCs) align along the central plane of the vessels. In capillaries, RBCs transform from a biconcave disk into a parachute shape. As blood transitions from the arterial to the venous end, the hemoglobin in erythrocytes alters its magnetic susceptibility. Within approximately 0.6-0.8 seconds, oxygen is displaced from RBCs through diffusion. This study explores the fundamentals and interconnections of these processes. Blood samples from 35 different healthy individuals were analyzed. The research examined magnetic field induction in ferromagnetic toroids, formed by the alternative electric field with a square wave signal, and studied the AC in the secondary coil - a tube filled with blood. This study discusses the impact of RBC geometry and hemoglobin allosteric transitions on electric signal generation and its relevance to cellular metabolic activity in the body. The findings suggest that the AC field, originating from the heart's rotational dipole, can generate a magnetic field in RBCs, facilitating the allosteric transformations of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin's thermoelastic expansion and magnetostriction cause biconcave membrane oscillations at ultrasound frequencies. The resulting electroacoustic wave rotates charges at the cell's z-potential area, aids RBC migration into the flow plane, and enhances trans capillary diffusion of substances. An electroacoustic standing wave emerges between the oscillating RBCs, coinciding with the wavenumber of externally penetrating infrared light. The synergic influence on hemoglobin in capillaries causes the RBC membrane to create a temporally frequency-modulated wave, carrying resonance molecular frequencies. This wave regulates biochemical processes within and outside body cells.

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“…The velocity of the ECG in the human body is up to 1500 m/sec (Buchner et al, 2023). ECG propagates as an electroacoustic wave.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetism - Properties of Erythrocytes

Beraia,

Beraia

2024

GJHS

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show abstract

“…Heart beats are particularly useful for synchronization of clinical signals because they are available throughout the body almost instantaneously (Debener et al 2009, Buchner et al 2023, Rankawat et al 2015 and slight variations in the series of inter-beat intervals provide a unique fingerprint of a given moment in the patient's physiology (Wolling et al 2021). The electrical activity that drives the mechanical contraction of the heart generates a signal that can be detected by multiple types of medical devices (Jeon et al 2016).…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

The truth Hertz—synchronization of electroencephalogram signals with physiological waveforms recorded in an intensive care unit

et al. 2023

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Objective: The ability to synchronize continuous electroencephalogram (cEEG) signals with physiological waveforms such as electrocardiogram (ECG), invasive pressures, photoplethysmography (PPG) and other signals can provide meaningful insights regarding coupling between brain activity and other physiological subsystems. Aligning these datasets is a particularly challenging problem because device clocks handle time differently and synchronization protocols may be undocumented or proprietary. Approach: We used an ensemble-based model to detect the timestamps of heartbeat artefacts from ECG waveforms recorded from inpatient bedside monitors and from cEEG signals acquired using a different device. Vectors of inter-beat intervals were matched between both datasets and robust linear regression was applied to measure the relative time offset between the two datasets as a function of time. Main Results: The timing error between the two unsynchronized datasets ranged between -84 seconds and +33 seconds (mean 0.77s, median 4.31s, IQR25 -4.79s, IQR75 11.38s). Application of our method improved the relative alignment to within $\pm$5ms for more than 61\% of the dataset. The mean clock drift between the two datasets was 418.3 parts per million (ppm) (median 414.6ppm, IQR25 411.0ppm, IQR75 425.6ppm). A signal quality index was generated that described the quality of alignment for each cEEG study as a function of time.Significance: We developed and tested a method to retrospectively time-align two clinical waveform datasets acquired from different devices using a common signal. The method was applied to 33,911 hours of signals collected in a pediatric critical care unit over six years, demonstrating that the method can be applied to long-term recordings collected under clinical conditions. The method can account for unknown clock drift rates and the presence of discontinuities caused by clock resynchronization events. 

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Synchronous recording of magnetocardiographic and electrocardiographic signals

Pȩczalski,

Sobiech,

Buchner

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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We present a system for simultaneous recording of the electrocardiogram and the magnetocardiogram. The measurement system contained of printed carbon electrodes and SERF magnetometer. The use of this system confirms that the position of the end of the magnetic T wave extends further than the electric T wave, which is an important indicator for the diagnosis of cardiological patients and for drug arrhythmogenicity. We analyze this phenomenon in depth, and demonstrate, that it originates from the fundamental difference between electric and magnetic measurements. The measured value is always bipolar since the electric measurements require two electrodes. We demonstrate how the dual electric and magnetic measuring system adds a new information to the commonly used electrocardiographic diagnosis. The ECG should be interpreted as the spatial asymmetry of the electric cardiac potential, and not as the potential itself. The results seem to prove, that the relation between the magnetic and the electric imaging of neural activities may be broadly applied for the benefit of medical diagnosis in cardiology and many other fields, where the neural activity is measured. This is a pilot study which requires further confirmation at the clinical level.

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Finite velocity of ECG signal propagation: preliminary theory, results of a pilot experiment and consequences for medical diagnosis

Cited by 3 publications

References 63 publications

Electromagnetism - Properties of Erythrocytes

Electromagnetism - Properties of Erythrocytes

The truth Hertz—synchronization of electroencephalogram signals with physiological waveforms recorded in an intensive care unit

Synchronous recording of magnetocardiographic and electrocardiographic signals

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