“… are a set of control variables, including per capita GDP , capital formation , urbanization level , industrialization degree , and the country openness . ε is the error term, which is assumed to be normally distributed at zero mean value (Elahi, Khalid, Tauni, et al, 2022; Li et al, 2022; Peng et al, 2020) and constant variance (Elahi & Khalid, 2022; Elahi, Zhixin, Khalid, & Xu, 2022).…”