Fire Behavior of Natural Rubber Filled with Intumescent Flame Retardant Containing Graphite

Abdelkhalik, Aksam; Makhlouf, Ghada; Abdel‐Hakim, A.

doi:10.1002/vnl.21728

Cited by 14 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…96-900-0207) was formed with typical peaks at 10.66°, 17.88° and 24.93°, respectively [34]. In addition to coquimbite phase, the main peaks of G and magnetite were appeared [26,35]. SEM image, Fig.…”

Section: Xrd Sem and Edxs Analysis Of Char Residue And Flame Retardant Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…This physical barrier protected the polymer matrix from the effect of heat and flame. Moreover, it reduced the amounts of flammable volatile organic compounds which were leaving polymer matrix to combustion zone [26,36,37]. Also, the insulating char layer succeeded in reducing the smoke production of PVA composites relative to pure polymer.…”

Section: Xrd Sem and Edxs Analysis Of Char Residue And Flame Retardant Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This is referred to that carbon flakes in graphite are closely stacked which restricts the penetration of polymer chains into the openings of the graphite sheets [25]. Abdelkhalik et al [26] dispersed G flakes in melamine salt of pentaerythritol phosphate (MPP) and used the new mixture (MPP-G) to improve the flame retardancy of natural rubber. The authors stated that addition of 40 phr G to natural rubber reduced its pHRR by 39.1% while inserting 40 phr (MPP-G) decreased the pHRR by 64.3%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flammability properties of polyvinyl alcohol containing new flame retardant system

Makhlouf¹,

Abdelkhalik²,

Hassan³

et al. 2021

Egypt. J. Chem.

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In this work, graphite (G), ammonium iron (II) sulfate (AFS) and aluminium nitrate were added to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) at 25% loading level to improve its flame retardancy. In addition, PVA/(G+AFS+AN) composite was prepared. The flammability and smoke density of PVA composites were evaluated by UL94 flame chamber, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and smoke density chamber. Vertical flame spread test (UL94V) indicated that PVA composites achieved V0 class in PVA/(G+AFS+AN)and PVA/AFS samples. Horizontal burning rate (UL94H) data showed that PVA composites achieved H0 class. LOI of PVA was enhanced from 19.1% to 21.3%, 25.2%, 26.1% and 27.2% in PVA/G, PVA/AN, PVA/AFS and PVA/(G+AFS+AN)composites, respectively. The maximum specific optical density (Dsmax) of PVA was decreased in all PVA composites due to the formation of protective char layer on polymer surface. The maximum reduction in Dsmax value of PVA was 64% and it was observed in PVA/(G+AFS+AN). XRD analysis of char residue after smoke density test of PVA/(G+AFS+AN) indicated the presence of coquimbite phase, graphite and magnetite in the char residue. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data of PVA and PVA/(G+AFS+AN) composite showed that the new flame-retardant system improved the thermal stability of neat polymer and the temperatures at which 50% (T50%) weight loss takes place were greatly enhanced. In addition, the char residue at 750 ℃ was increased.

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Section: Xrd Sem and Edxs Analysis Of Char Residue And Flame Retardant Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Xrd Sem and Edxs Analysis Of Char Residue And Flame Retardant Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Flammability properties of polyvinyl alcohol containing new flame retardant system

Makhlouf¹,

Abdelkhalik²,

Hassan³

et al. 2021

Egypt. J. Chem.

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“…were achieved when the amount of dispersed EG was 10% [90]. Other than that, melamine salt of pentaerythritol phosphate/graphite (MPP-G) has been synthesized by dispersing graphite flakes in melamine salt of pentaerythritol phosphate [91]. Thereafter, NR composites were prepared with different loading levels of MPP-G and thermal stability and flammability properties of these composites were studied [91].…”

Section: Graphite Derivatives-based Natural Rubber Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Carbon Black and Graphite Derivatives-based Natural Rubber Composites

Don

Fernando²,

Edirisinghe³

2021

AIT

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Functional materials based on the crystalline allotropes of carbon have garnered tremendous interest from researchers in chemistry, physics, and material science for a long time. This paper reviews studies carried out on carbon black and graphite derivatives, their properties, and manufacturing applications. Graphite derivatives such as graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, expanded graphite, and graphene quantum dots are reviewed, along with a discussion of their synthesis and advantages. Generally, carbon black and graphite derivatives are incorporated into the polymeric material to enhance the performance of the end material. Recently, much attention has turned to the structural and electronic properties of carbon-based polymeric materials. Hence, at present, graphite-based polymeric material is the hottest topic in physics and materials science due to excellent electric and thermal conductivity, optical, mechanical properties, etc. The most common and widely used filler for rubber in the industry is carbon black due to its excellent physico-mechanical properties, thermal stability, oil resistance, etc. Therefore, carbon black and graphite derivatives incorporated composites of natural rubber have been reviewed in detail, along with a discussion of the current limitations and challenges of these exciting materials.

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“…[1,2] As a key performance characteristic, flame retardancy has also been the subject of investigations. [3][4][5] Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) has widely been considered in the industry thanks to its appropriate physical and mechanical properties. [6] However, due to its high flammability, there was a need for the use of suitable additives prior to the consideration of EVA for applications where high flameretardant properties were of importance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium carbonate and ammonium polyphosphate flame retardant additives formulated to protect ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer against fire: Hydrated or carbonated calcium?

Laoutid

Vahabi

Movahedifar

et al. 2020

Vinyl Additive Technology

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In this study, the effect of the chemical nature of different calcium (Ca)‐based minerals as flame retardant additives in combination with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), in 1:1 proportions, on the flame retardancy behavior and performance of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer was discussed. Combining APP with partly and completely hydrated calcium oxide led to superior flame‐retardant function detected in mass loss calorimeter measurements with respect to the corresponding system containing carbonated calcium. This privileged character was attributed to the higher reactivity of hydrated Ca‐based fillers toward APP in comparison with Ca carbonate, which induced the formation of an intumescent residue. The difference between reactivity potential of hydrated and dry Ca was demonstrated by the newly formed thermally stable species, and further evidenced by thermogravimetric analysis performed on APP/fillers blends. Moreover, the presence of more crystalline domains in the Ca/phosphorus‐based compounds was evidenced by XRD analysis of the mass loss calorimeter test residues. The results of this work highlight the role of blend additive systems on the performance of flame retardancy of polymer materials.

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Fire Behavior of Natural Rubber Filled with Intumescent Flame Retardant Containing Graphite

Cited by 14 publications

References 47 publications

Flammability properties of polyvinyl alcohol containing new flame retardant system

Flammability properties of polyvinyl alcohol containing new flame retardant system

Review on Carbon Black and Graphite Derivatives-based Natural Rubber Composites

Calcium carbonate and ammonium polyphosphate flame retardant additives formulated to protect ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer against fire: Hydrated or carbonated calcium?

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