Fire performance and thermal stability of polypropylene nanocomposites containing organic phosphinate and ammonium polyphosphate additives

Dahiya, J. B.; Kumar, Narender; Bockhorn, Henning

doi:10.1002/fam.2151

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Therefore, it can be concluded that phosphorus-based flame retardants have quite satisfactorily reinforced PP against flame. [25], APP-20 [26], APP-20 [27], APP-20 [28], APP-20 [23], APP-25 [29], APP-25 [30], APP-25 [31], APP-25 [32], APP-25 [33], APP-25 [34], APP-25, m-APP-25 [35], APP-25, mc-APP-25 [36], m-APP-25 [37], APP-30 [38], APP-30 [39], APP-30 [40], mc-APP-30 [41], APP-30, mc-APP-30 [42], APP-30, mc-APP-30 [43], APP-30, mc-APP-30 [44], APP-30, mc-APP-5, mc-APP-10, mc-APP-15, mc-APP-20, mc-APP-25, mc-APP-30 [45], APP-35, m-APP-35 [46], APP-35, m-APP-35 [47], APP-40, mc-APP-40 [48], APP-25, P-CA-25 [49], APP-25 [50], APP-IFR-20 [51], P-IFR-10, P-IFR-15, P-IFR-20, P-IFR-25 [52], P-IFR-20 [53], P-IFR-28 [54], P-IFR-28 [55], PN-IFR-30 [56], P-FR-30 [57], P-FR-20 [58], , mc-BDP-10, mc-BDP-20 [59], OP-20 [60], AHP-24 [61], ALPi-30 [62], PEPA-40 [63].…”

Section: Phosphorus-based Flame Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

et al. 2020

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Polypropylene (PP) is a commodity plastic known for high rigidity and crystallinity, which is suitable for a wide range of applications. However, high flammability of PP has always been noticed by users as a constraint; therefore, a variety of additives has been examined to make PP flame-retardant. In this work, research papers on the flame retardancy of PP have been comprehensively reviewed, classified in terms of flame retardancy, and evaluated based on the universal dimensionless criterion of Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). The classification of additives of well-known families, i.e., phosphorus-based, nitrogen-based, mineral, carbon-based, bio-based, and hybrid flame retardants composed of two or more additives, was reflected in FRI mirror calculated from cone calorimetry data, whatever heat flux and sample thickness in a given series of samples. PP composites were categorized in terms of flame retardancy performance as Poor, Good, or Excellent cases. It also attempted to correlate other criteria like UL-94 and limiting oxygen index (LOI) with FRI values, giving a broad view of flame retardancy performance of PP composites. The collected data and the conclusions presented in this survey should help researchers working in the field to select the best additives among possibilities for making the PP sufficiently flame-retardant for advanced applications.

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Section: Phosphorus-based Flame Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

et al. 2020

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“…This PP/PP‐gAPP/Ch/KF shows a similar degradation temperature to the reference samples with 30 and 50 wt% of MH. This indicates that the combination of Ch with KF using PP‐gAPP as compatibilizer could have similar degradation behavior than reference samples with higher MH loadings 36–40 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…On the other hand, the PP/PP‐gAPP sample shows a remarkable reduction in HRR and THR in which the PHRR was reduced by 25% compared to the neat PP with a significant increase in the t‐ign of 46 s. This corroborates the significant enchantment in flame retardancy provided by the APP. The reported FR mechanism of phosphated compounds is the dilution effect related to the formation of PO· radicals during combustion that could combine with active radicals such as H· and OH· from the burning polymer to terminate the combustion chain reaction, thus improving the thermal stability of the polymers by delaying their degradation 36,37 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reported FR mechanism of phosphated compounds is the dilution effect related to the formation of POÁ radicals during combustion that could combine with active radicals such as HÁ and OHÁ from the burning polymer to terminate the combustion chain reaction, thus improving the thermal stability of the polymers by delaying their degradation. 36,37 The inclusion of each filler KF or Ch without compatibilizer shows that KF does not have a significant effect on flame retardancy because the PHHR was very similar to neat PP with a reduction of 6%. While the uncompatibilized sample with Ch shows a more noticeable reduction of 15% in the HRR.…”

Section: T a B L E 2 Average Molecular Weight Of Pp During Extrusion ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of ammonium polyphosphate‐modified polypropylene on flammability characteristics of polypropylene keratin and chitosan sustainable composites

Albite‐Ortega¹,

Sanchez²,

Vargas³

et al. 2022

Fire and Materials

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The combination of keratin fibers (KF), obtained from poultry feathers, with chitosan (Ch) are employed in polypropylene (PP) composites to enhance the flame-retardant (FR) properties. The combined effect of each additive and the use of functionalized PP with ammonium polyphosphate (PP-gAPP) as a compatibilizer, compared with PP-gMA, on composite FR properties was analyzed. This compatibilizer was prepared by melt reaction of maleic anhydride grafted PP (PP-gMA) with ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The grafting of APP was characterized by FTIR, XRD, and NMR. PP/KF/Ch composites using PP-gAPP as compatibilizer were characterized by TGA, mechanical properties, and fire-retardant tests such as UL-94 (HB), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and cone calorimeter evaluations. These tests demonstrated the enhancement in fire-retardant characteristics obtained by using PP-gAPP as a compatibilizer agent compared with PP-gMA. The combination of the additives (KF and Ch) with PP-gAPP as compatibilizer in PP, increases the modulus and tensile strength and significantly improves the LOI and reduces the peak heat release rate during cone calorimetry tests with better thermal stability and a noticeable reduction in horizontal burning rate. Most important, the results indicated that the combination of these additives produce similar flame retardancy than a reference sample with high magnesium hydroxide loading. These composites are a promising way to meet the growing demand for high-performance materials with FR characteristics using bio-fire retardant additives such as KF and Ch, in sustainable and environmentally friendly composites.

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“…34 An IFR generates a barrier effect of an intumescent carbonaceous char created by the combined action of the compounds. 35,36 The char layer reduces heat transfer between the heat source and the material surface, and limits combustible gas transfer from the material toward the flame as well as the diffusion of oxygen into the material. In addition, the char layer may prevent dripping from the material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of boric acid on flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites including nanoclay

Demirhan

Yurtseven

Usta

2021

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials

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In this study, different amounts of boric acid (BA, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 and 5.0 wt%) were used to enhance the effectiveness of an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER) in polypropylene (PP) including 2 wt% montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT). Meanwhile, metaboric acid and boron oxide which were generated by the decomposition of BA appeared in the melt compounding and the burning processes, respectively. Extensive experimental studies were performed to investigate the effects of BA/boron oxide and MMT combinations on the properties of PP/IFR. The fire resistances of the composites were studied by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry tests. The thermal properties were determined by using thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and thermal conductivity measurements. In addition, the mechanical properties of the composites were examined. The experimental results revealed that although the additions of 1.25 and 2.5 wt% BA with 2 wt% MMT significantly enhanced thermal and flame resistances of PP composites, 3.75 and 5.0 wt% BA additions generated antagonistic effects and deteriorated the fire resistance of the composites. The sample including 2.5 wt% BA addition achieved the best flame retardancy. The LOI value was increased from 18 to 31% with UL 94 V-0 rating. In addition, the peak heat release rate was reduced from 668.6 to 150.0 kW/m2 and the total heat release value was decreased from 247.9 to 98.4 MJ/m2. In the meantime, the thermal conductivity was increased from 0.22 up to 0.28 W/mK. Furthermore, CO, CO2 and the smoke productions were significantly decreased with respect to PP. NO generation was decreased with BA replacements. At the same time, although there was a slight decrease in the tensile strength, the flexural strength significantly increased with BA and MMT additions.

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Fire performance and thermal stability of polypropylene nanocomposites containing organic phosphinate and ammonium polyphosphate additives

Cited by 9 publications

References 12 publications

Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

Influence of ammonium polyphosphate‐modified polypropylene on flammability characteristics of polypropylene keratin and chitosan sustainable composites

The effect of boric acid on flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites including nanoclay

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