Fire radiation—A review

Ris, J. De

doi:10.1016/s0082-0784(79)80097-1

Cited by 176 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Radiation is the dominant mode of heat transfer through the gas phase in large fires [164]. Since radiation drives burning rates, it is important to understand the radiative characteristics of solid materials.…”

Section: Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalized pyrolysis model for combustible solids

Lautenberger

Fernandez-Pello

2009

Fire Safety Journal

307

259

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This dissertation presents the derivation, numerical implementation, and verification/validation of a generalized model that can be used to simulate the pyrolysis, gasification, and burning of a wide range of solid fuels encountered in fires. The model can be applied to noncharring and charring solids, composites, intumescent coatings, and smolder in porous media. Care is taken to make the model as general as possible, allowing the user to determine the appropriate level of complexity to include in a simulation. The model considers a user-specified number of gas phase and condensed phase species, each having its own temperature-dependent thermophysical properties.Any number of heterogeneous (gas-solid) or homogeneous (solid-solid or gas-gas) reactions can be specified. Both in-depth radiation transfer through semi-transparent media and radiation transport across pores are considered. Volume change (surface regression or swelling/intumescence) is handled by allowing the size of grid points to change as dictated by mass conservation. All volatiles generated inside the solid escape to the ambient with no resistance to mass transfer unless a pressure solver is invoked; the resultant flow of volatiles is then calculated according to Darcy's law. A gas phase 2 convective-diffusive solver can be invoked to determine the composition of the volatiles.Oxidative pyrolysis is simulated by modeling diffusion of oxygen from the ambient into the pyrolyzing solid where it may participate in reactions. Consequently, the mass flux and composition of volatiles escaping from the solid can be calculated. To aid in determining the required input parameters, the model is coupled to a genetic algorithm that can be used to estimate the required input parameters from bench-scale fire tests or thermogravimetric analysis.

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Section: Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalized pyrolysis model for combustible solids

Lautenberger

Fernandez-Pello

2009

Fire Safety Journal

307

259

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“…de Ris [6] pointed out that radiation is the dominant mode of heat transfer to burning surfaces at scales greater than 0.2-0.3 meters. He also established that flame sootiness is the primary parameter controlling heat release rates per unit exposed fuel area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Flux Pipe In Large-scale Fire Tests

Wu¹

2005

Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the Eigth International Sy

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This paper presents the results from a series of commodity classification tests conducted with a unique flame heat flux instrument, i.e., Heat Flux Pipe. In the early 1990's, FM Global established the ranking of combustible products with a commodity classification test using benchmark commodities. The methodology used heat release rate calorimetry to determine the hazard level of a commodity. It is well known that flame heat flux is closely linked to flame spread and heat release rates associated with various commodities. In the present test series, the initial sprinklered tests were conducted with Class II and Standard Plastic commodities and a distinct difference in maximum flame heat flux was measured, i.e., 114 kW/m 2 and 192 kW/m 2 respectively. Subsequent freeburn commodity classification tests with Class II, wood pallet and Standard Plastic showed large measured maximum flame heat fluxes, 140 kW/m 2 , 190 kW/m 2 and 440 kW/m 2 respectively. This difference in flame heat flux between commodities can be exploited to better quantify the commodity hazards and hence the corresponding protection requirements. Also, the Heat Flux Pipe has been shown to be a robust instrument in large fires, up to 30 MW, and withstanding flame heat flux level of up to 440 kW/m 2 . The Heat Flux Pipe can clearly be used in other fire scenario where flame heat flux measurements are desirable.

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“…(la) and (lb) flame height, MFS between Eqs . (2) and (3). and then substituting from for "r and r f' one obtains the general equati on for Figure 1.…”

Section: A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Scientific Approach To Flame Radiation And Material Flammability

Ris¹

1989

Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the 2nd International Symp

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The paper briefly reviews our scientific understanding of some of the better understood flammability properties such as ignitability, flame spread, and convecti ve burning to illustrate the uti li ty of practical test method apparatuses for evaluating flammability properties. We then discuss the essential role of flame radiation in controlling hazardousscale burning rates and why we presently think that a fuel's classical smoke-point may indicate its radiative hazard. We then examine in more detail the soot radi ation from small laminar flames to illustrate our emerging scientific understanding of flame radiation. Finally, we suggest a possible smoke-point radiation test apparatus suitable for solid fuels.

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Fire radiation—A review

Cited by 176 publications

References 13 publications

Generalized pyrolysis model for combustible solids

Generalized pyrolysis model for combustible solids

Heat Flux Pipe In Large-scale Fire Tests

A Scientific Approach To Flame Radiation And Material Flammability

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