Fire Retardancy and Leaching Resistance of Furfurylated Pine Wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) Treated with Guanyl-Urea Phosphate

Lin, Chia-Feng; Karlsson, Olov; Kim, Injeong; Myronycheva, Olena; Mensah, Rhoda Afriyie; Das, Oisik; Mantanis, George I.; Jones, Dennis; Sandberg, Dick

doi:10.3390/polym14091829

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…When encountering open flames, these gases evolved into flash ignition and participated in the burning, resulting in the first heat-release peak. As the fire progressed longitudinally toward the bottom of the wood, combustible gases continued to be produced in large quantities, and the wood burned more intensely, resulting in the second heat-release peak [ 27 , 28 ]. ~According to the data in Table 2 , RW had a high PHRR of 410 kW/m 2, and its fire growth rate (FIGRA) reached 5.46 kW/(m 2 s), confirming its high flammability.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Flame-Retardant and Low Heat/Smoke-Release Wood Materials: Fabrication and Properties

Deng

Song

et al. 2022

Polymers

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Wood is an important renewable material exhibiting excellent physical and mechanical properties, environmental friendliness, and sustainability, and has been widely applied in daily life. However, its inherent flammability and susceptibility to fungal attack greatly limit its application in many areas. Use of fire-retardant coatings and preservatives has endowed wood with improved safety performance; importantly, the cooperative effect of dual treatments on the burning behavior and flame retardancy of wood needs to be better understood. Here, a two-step treatment for wood is proposed, with a copper–boron preservative (CBP) and a fire-retardant coating. The thermal degradation and burning behavior of treated wood were investigated. The CBP formed a physical barrier on the wood surface, facilitating a charring process at high temperatures and thus suppressing the release of heat and smoke. Notably, the dual-treated wood exhibited lower heat release and reduced smoke emission compared with the mono-treated wood, indicating a cooperative effect between CBP and fire-retardant coatings, beneficial to the improvement of fire safety. This experimental work improved fire retardance and suppressed smoke release in flammable materials, and offers a new design for developing fire-retardant coatings.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Flame-Retardant and Low Heat/Smoke-Release Wood Materials: Fabrication and Properties

Deng

Song

et al. 2022

Polymers

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“…Lin et al have demonstrated that the water-leaching resistance of guanyl-urea phosphate (GUP)-treated wood can be largely improved by combining it with a water-borne melamine-formaldehyde resin or with poly(furfuryl alcohol). 22 − 25 The polymerization of the prepolymer by the formation of a hydrophobic thermoset can possibly entrap the additives. Simultaneously, the passive modification processes of polymer-wood cell wall reinforcement and lumen-filling can provide additional benefits in resin-modified wood, for example, its increased dimensional stability and hardness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simultaneously, the passive modification processes of polymer-wood cell wall reinforcement and lumen-filling can provide additional benefits in resin-modified wood, for example, its increased dimensional stability and hardness. 23 , 25 In addition, other researchers have reported that water-borne epoxy resin combined with ammonium polyphosphate can improve the fire retardancy, mechanical properties, and the dimensional stability of wood. 26 This type of strategy can advance the conventional wood-resin modification by upgrading the fire retardancy property.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The combination of ammonium phosphate salts with a hydrophobic resin has been considered an effective and simple approach to improve the leaching resistance of FR-modified wood, without modifying the formula of the salt. Lin et al have demonstrated that the water-leaching resistance of guanyl-urea phosphate (GUP)-treated wood can be largely improved by combining it with a water-borne melamine-formaldehyde resin or with poly(furfuryl alcohol). − The polymerization of the prepolymer by the formation of a hydrophobic thermoset can possibly entrap the additives. Simultaneously, the passive modification processes of polymer-wood cell wall reinforcement and lumen-filling can provide additional benefits in resin-modified wood, for example, its increased dimensional stability and hardness. , In addition, other researchers have reported that water-borne epoxy resin combined with ammonium polyphosphate can improve the fire retardancy, mechanical properties, and the dimensional stability of wood .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High Leach-Resistant Fire-Retardant Modified Pine Wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) by In Situ Phosphorylation and Carbamylation

et al. 2023

Self Cite

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The exterior application of fire-retardant (FR) timber necessitates it to have high durability because of the possibility to be exposed to rainfall. In this study, water-leaching resistance of FR wood has been imparted by grafting phosphate and carbamate groups of the watersoluble FR additives ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP)/urea onto the hydroxyl groups of wood polymers via vacuum-pressure impregnation, followed by drying/heating in hot air. A darker and more reddish wood surface was observed after the modification. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, solid-state 13 C crosspolarization magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13 C CP-MAS NMR), and direct-excitation 31 P MAS NMR suggested the formation of C−O−P covalent bonds and urethane chemical bridges. Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry suggested the diffusion of ADP/urea into the cell wall. The gas evolution analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry revealed a potential grafting reaction mechanism starting with the thermal decomposition of urea. Thermal behavior showed that the FR-modified wood lowered the main decomposition temperature and promoted the formation of char residues at elevated temperatures. The FR activity was preserved even after an extensive water-leaching test, confirmed by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry. The reduction of fire hazards was achieved through the increase of the LOI to above 80%, reduction of 30% of the peak heat release rate (pHRR 2 ), reduction of smoke production, and a longer ignition time. The modulus of elasticity of FR-modified wood increased by 40% without significantly decreasing the modulus of rupture.

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“…Numerous scholars also studied the leachability of wood impregnated with FA, demonstrating that the use of furfurylated (e.g., leaching solution, burning performance) was environmentally friendly during the full life cycle [19][20][21]. Lin et al found that the leachability of furfurylated wood with 30% FA was negligible due to the formation of hydrophobic FA resin, and the addition of FA reduced the leaching rate of fire-retardant additive guanylurea phosphate in modified wood [22,23]. Rahayu et al found that the leachability of furfurylated wood with a weight percentage gain of 146.55% was significantly lower than that of wood modified by the combination of FA and nano-SiO 2 , suggesting that the reaction between FA and the cell wall components resulted in a lower leachability [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leachability of Fast-Growing Wood Impregnated with Low Concentrations of Furfuryl Alcohol

Sun,

Gong,

Yan

et al. 2023

Forests

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Furfurylation can effectively improve the quality of fast-growing wood, but its leachability is unclear. In this study, fast-growing poplar (Populus sp.) and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) were impregnated with low concentrations of 5%–20% furfuryl alcohol (FA), and the chemical and microscopic changes during leaching tests were analyzed by UV spectra and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The results show that FA impregnation can regulate the weight percentage gain, but its effectiveness in regulating the cell wall bulking coefficient decreased as the impregnation concentration was increased. Impregnation with 15% and 20% FA showed no significant difference in the effect on volume swelling efficiency. The inverse relationship between the concentration of FA and the leaching rate was demonstrated by leaching tests, UV spectra, and CLSM. Notably, the leaching rate of poplar and Chinese fir wood was more than 30% when impregnated with 5% FA. Although the entirety of the furfuryl alcohol was deposited in the cell wall when impregnated with low concentrations of FA, the binding was not stable. The weight percentage gain of furfurylated Chinese fir was greater than that of poplar, but its leaching rate was lower, indicating that the cured furfuryl alcohol resin in poplar was not as stable as that in Chinese fir. Therefore, differences in tree species should be considered in low-concentration FA impregnation, as the improvement effect of concentrations below 10% on the properties of fast-growing wood is weak and the leaching rate of FA is significant.

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Fire Retardancy and Leaching Resistance of Furfurylated Pine Wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) Treated with Guanyl-Urea Phosphate

Cited by 9 publications

References 59 publications

Highly Flame-Retardant and Low Heat/Smoke-Release Wood Materials: Fabrication and Properties

Highly Flame-Retardant and Low Heat/Smoke-Release Wood Materials: Fabrication and Properties

High Leach-Resistant Fire-Retardant Modified Pine Wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) by In Situ Phosphorylation and Carbamylation

Leachability of Fast-Growing Wood Impregnated with Low Concentrations of Furfuryl Alcohol

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