Fire retardancy mechanisms of arylphosphates in polycarbonate (PC) and PC/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene

Counterflow flames of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene with and without triphenylphosphate

“…Normally a conclusion regarding the effect of a flame retardant in the gas phase is based on the fact that it does not influence the thermal degradation of a polymer, determined by the TG and DTG methods, as was the case [11][12][13] when studying the action of TPP on the flammability of polycarbonate (PC) and PC/acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene. However, it has been shown [15,16] that adding TPP to UHMWPE retards its thermal degradation in an inert atmosphere only at high heating rates ( ∼150 K/s) and does not have any effect at low heating rates (0.17 K/s).…”

“…In addition, the effect of the high heating rate on the concentrations of the products from the thermal degradation of HDPE (MW = 10 0 0) has been investigated [9] . The influence of triphenylphosphate (TPP) additive as a flame retardant on both the combustion and thermal degradation of polymers has studied [10][11][12][13][14] . Thus, it was shown [10] using FTIR spectroscopy and chromatography, that TPP influences the composition of the products in the condensed phase from degrading polycarbonate (PC).…”

“…The pyrolysis of PC and PC/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABC) with and without TPP was investigated by thermal analysis [11][12][13] . Phosphorus-based mechanisms of flame retardancy have been discussed [13] .…”

“…Some researchers [11][12][13] believe a flame retardant acts in the gas phase, if thermal analysis shows that the additive does not influence the thermal degradation of the polymer. However, thermal analysis is usually used under conditions of low heating rates (0.17 K/s) and at temperatures lower than those observed at ignition and combustion.…”

The effect of different impact modifiers in halogen-free flame retarded polycarbonate blends – I. Pyrolysis

“…In particular interactions between phosphorous compounds and decomposition products of the polymer or other additives play a major role [11][12][13]. In several works it was proven that the action of phosphorous compounds can change from gas-phase to condensed-phase mechanisms and vice versa when the system is modified, for instance by replacing some compounds with others [8,[13][14][15][16][17].…”