Fire-retardant recyclable and biobased polymer composites

Marosi, György; Szolnoki, Beáta; Bocz, Katalin; Toldy, Andrea

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100136-3.00005-4

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…In contrast to combined formulations in unreinforced matrix (SPE matrix RDP 1.5% P + APP 1.5% P: 33 V/V% LOI, V-0; SPE matrix RDP 2% P APP 1% P: 34 V/V% LOI [ 18 ]), the self-extinguishing, V-0 UL-94 was not reached in carbon fibre composite specimens, most likely due to the so called candlewick effect [ 19 ] and intumescent-hindering effect [ 13 ] of the introduced reinforcing fibres. Further increase of P-content in order to overcome this issue is not reasonable as at higher ratios the plasticizing effect of RDP becomes significant and the aggregation of solid APP particles is more distinct, which together leads to lower crosslinking density and impairs the flame retardant and mechanical performance.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardancy of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Sorbitol Based Bioepoxy Composites with Phosphorus-Containing Additives

et al. 2017

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Carbon fibre reinforced flame-retarded bioepoxy composites were prepared from commercially available sorbitol polyglycidyl ether (SPE) cured with cycloaliphatic amine hardener. Samples containing 1, 2, and 3% phosphorus (P) were prepared using additive type flame retardants (FRs) resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and their combinations. The fire performance of the composites was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 tests, and mass loss calorimetry. The effect of FRs on the glass transition temperature, and storage modulus was evaluated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), while the mechanical performance was investigated by tensile, bending, and interlaminar shear measurements, as well as by Charpy impact test. In formulations containing both FRs, the presence of RDP, acting mainly in gas phase, ensured balanced gas and solid-phase mechanism leading to best overall fire performance. APP advantageously compensated the plasticizing (storage modulus and glass transition temperature decreasing) effect of RDP in combined formulations; furthermore, it led to increased tensile strength and Charpy impact energy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardancy of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Sorbitol Based Bioepoxy Composites with Phosphorus-Containing Additives

et al. 2017

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“…Although the main application of PHAs is in the biomedical sector, a future prospect for PHAs can be imagined due to two of its exceptional characteristics: full biodegradability and a synthesis ability from bacteria [4]. In this sense, improvement of flammability properties of PHAs seems to be a priority for some applications [12]. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) as the first member of PHAs family has been the candidate of many research programs [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Stability and Flammability Behavior of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) Based Composites

et al. 2019

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A series of samples based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) containing five different additives were prepared and their thermal stability and flammability were discussed. The samples first underwent flammability screening by using Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimeter (PCFC) analyses. Then, four samples were selected for further investigations. PHB composites containing sepiolite (Sep.) inorganic nanofiller, and also organic ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were examined for flammability and thermal behavior using PCFC, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), flame test, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analyses. Moreover, burning behavior of samples were captured on a digital camera to give a deeper sense of their flammability character for comparison. The results revealed a significant improvement of flammability and thermal stability of composites, particularly in the presence of sepiolite with respect to the value obtained for unfilled PHB. Regarding TGA results, the char residue yield was increased to ca. 20.0 wt.% in the presence of sepiolite, while 0.0 wt.% was observed for PHB. PCFC measurements uncovered higher performance of PHB-Sep. sample as signaled by 40% reduction in the peak of heat release rate with respect to PHB. According to observations, PHB-Sep. sample showed non-dripping behavior with high capacity of charring in the presence of Sep. in a vertical flame test.

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“…The main challenge in improving their flame retardant (FR) properties is to simultaneously maintain their other important characteristics, such as glass transition temperature and mechanical properties, as flame retardants usually have a plasticizing effect [3,4]. Furthermore, the fire retardancy of polymers in the presence of carbon fibre reinforcement also raises a number of other concerns: the ignition of these composites is facilitated by the high thermal conductivity of the carbon fibres (this phenomenon is addressed as the candlewick effect) [5], and the applied flame retardants usually increase the viscosity of the polymer matrix, which is a key property during the production of composites by injection technologies such as resin transfer molding (RTM) commonly used in high-tech industries [6]. Furthermore, the reinforcement can filter out the solid phase flame retardants during the injection of the matrix, which may lead to non-uniform particle distribution [7,8], and consequently to uneven fire performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardancy of Low-Viscosity Epoxy Resins and Their Carbon Fibre Reinforced Composites via a Combined Solid and Gas Phase Mechanism

2018

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Low viscosity, potentially renewable aliphatic epoxy resins, appropriate for processing with injection techniques were flame retarded with the use of resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP), acting predominantly in the gas phase, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), acting in the solid phase, and their combination. Samples of gradually increasing phosphorus (P) content (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) and mixed formulations with 2% P from APP and 2% P from RDP were prepared. The fire retardancy of matrix and carbon fibre reinforced samples was examined by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 tests, and mass loss calorimetry. The thermal stability of the matrices was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, whereas the effect of flame retardants (FRs) on the crosslinking process and glass transition temperature was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry in matrices and by dynamic mechanical analysis in composites. According to the results, although the trifunctional glycerol -based (GER) and the tetrafunctional pentaerythritol-based (PER) epoxy resins have a similar initial LOI and horizontal burning rate, GER has an approximately 1.5 times higher peak of heat release rate (pHRR) than PER. At least 4% P content is necessary to reach a reasonable improvement in fire performance in these resin transfer molding (RTM)-compatible systems and with the same FR-content PER reaches better fire performance. RDP has an early gas phase effect at the beginning of degradation, while later on the solid phase action of APP prevails, although in composites hindered by the reinforcing carbon fibres. In PER composites, the combination of APP and RDP had a synergistic effect, leading to a pHRR of 218 kW/m2 and total heat release of 18.2 MJ/m2.

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Fire-retardant recyclable and biobased polymer composites

Cited by 13 publications

References 133 publications

Flame Retardancy of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Sorbitol Based Bioepoxy Composites with Phosphorus-Containing Additives

Flame Retardancy of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Sorbitol Based Bioepoxy Composites with Phosphorus-Containing Additives

Thermal Stability and Flammability Behavior of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) Based Composites

Flame Retardancy of Low-Viscosity Epoxy Resins and Their Carbon Fibre Reinforced Composites via a Combined Solid and Gas Phase Mechanism

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