Fire-retardant unsaturated polyester thermosets: The state-of-the-art, challenges and opportunities

Green and Facile Synthesis of Bio-Based, Flame-Retardant, Latent Imidazole Curing Agent for Single-Component Epoxy Resin

“…Generally, introducing halogen-containing flame retardants is a common and efficient approach to address the flammability issue of polymeric materials. − Nonetheless, the application of halogen-containing flame retardants follows with a series of environmental and human-health issues. , Therefore, halogen-free flame retardants have drawn wide attention from both academic and industrial circles. In particular, phosphorus-containing flame retardants can simultaneously quench the high-energy fuel and promote the carbonization of the matrixes during combustion. − Hence, numerous phosphorus-containing flame retardants have been synthesized and introduced into EPs, e.g., phosphaphenanthrene, − ammonium polyphosphate, − organophosphate, − and cyclotriphosphazene. − Unlike the above petrochemical products, phytic acid (PA) originates from oil-bearing crops, which features a high phosphorus content of 28 wt %; thus, it has been recognized as one class of promising bio-based platform compounds. − To reduce the overexploitation of fossil resource and meet the sustainable development, many bio-based flame retardants derived from phytic acid have been developed. , For instance, Ye et al synthesized a phytic acid salt (PF) and applied it to flame-retardant poly­(lactic acid) (PLA).…”

Green biobased P‐N coating: Towards waste‐minimization flame retardant flexible polyurethane foam

“…The results corresponded to the HRR, meaning the FPUF@LFPN could make more time and chance for people to escape from fire 50 . The FRI is an effective index to evaluate the capacity of flame retardants (FRI < 1 means poor and 1 < FRI < 10 means good) 51 . The FRI of FPUF@LFPN 5 , FPUF@LFPN 10 , and FPUF@LFPN 20 was 1.12, 1.21, and 2.34, respectively, suggesting the LFPN had a good flame retardant capacity.…”

“…50 The FRI is an effective index to evaluate the capacity of flame retardants (FRI < 1 means poor and 1 < FRI < 10 means good). 51 The FRI of FPUF@LFPN 5 , FPUF@LFPN 10 , and FPUF@LFPN 20 was 1.12, 1.21, and 2.34, respectively, suggesting the LFPN had a good flame retardant capacity. Therefore, the above test results showed that FPUF@LFPN has a good fire safety performance.…”

Recent advances in fire‐retardant carbon‐based polymeric nanocomposites through fighting free radicals

“…This is particularly important for the polymers, such as EP, PET, PC, PU, UP etc. that do not experience a free‐radical pyrolysis process 159–162 . In particular, free radical capturers can be designed by integrating the gas and condensed phase mechanisms.…”

“…that do not experience a free-radical pyrolysis process. [159][160][161][162] In particular, free radical capturers can be designed by integrating the gas and condensed phase mechanisms. For example, regarding EP and polyesters, the scavengers are more efficient for the LOI and UL-94 tests but will only lead to limited heat release reductions.…”