Fire risk assessment of cypress wood coated with metal oxide and metal silicate flame retardant using cone calorimeter

Jin, Eui; Chung, Yeong-Jin

doi:10.1177/0734904120948215

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The greater the FGI, the higher the fire risk is 41 . THR is the total heat released by the material 42 . These two parameters can be calculated using Equations (15) and (16)

FGI = \frac{PHRR}{t_{PHRR}}

THR = \int_{0}^{t_{end}} HRR = \int_{0}^{t_{end}} EHC \times MLR = EHC \times \int_{0}^{t_{end}} MLR = EHC \times \dot{M}

where

t_{PHRR}

is the time to PHRR,

t_{italicend}

the end time of combustion,

MLR

the mass loss rate, and

\dot{M}

the total mass loss.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of immersion time on the combustion characteristics of oil‐impregnated transformer insulating paperboard

et al. 2022

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Transformer insulating paperboard is an insulating material commonly used in the oil-filled equipment in substations, which is usually immersed in the transformer oil.In this study, the effects of immersion time on the combustion characteristics of oil-impregnated transformer insulating paperboard are studied using the thermogravimetric, UL94 vertical flammability, and cone calorimeter experiments. The experimental results show that the total oil content increases with increasing immersion time and reaches the saturation state in 240 h, with a saturation content of 14.7% ± 0.5%. However, the distribution of oil content inside the paperboard is uneven. At the saturation state, the surface oil content is 35.5%, being about 3 times of the core oil content. The results of UL94 vertical flammability experiments show that the flame spread rate increases with increasing immersion time and is controlled by the total oil content. In the cone calorimeter experiments, the time to ignition is significantly reduced compared to the clean paperboard. Unlike the flame spread rate, the ignition time is controlled by the surface oil content and barely varies with immersion time. The critical heat flux of oil-impregnated transformer insulating paperboard is found as 3.9 kW/m 2 , being only 1/3 of clean paperboard. With increasing immersion time, the peak heat release rate increases, while the total heat release, fire growth index, and effective heat of combustion present linear correlations with the total oil content. The CO yield increases with increasing immersion time, and the released CO mainly comes from the combustion of transformer oil.

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“…The greater the FGI, the higher the fire risk is 41 . THR is the total heat released by the material 42 . These two parameters can be calculated using Equations (15) and (16)

FGI = \frac{PHRR}{t_{PHRR}}

THR = \int_{0}^{t_{end}} HRR = \int_{0}^{t_{end}} EHC \times MLR = EHC \times \int_{0}^{t_{end}} MLR = EHC \times \dot{M}

where

t_{PHRR}

is the time to PHRR,

t_{italicend}

the end time of combustion,

MLR

the mass loss rate, and

\dot{M}

the total mass loss.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of immersion time on the combustion characteristics of oil‐impregnated transformer insulating paperboard

et al. 2022

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“…Meanwhile, the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) signifies a material's Fire 2024, 7, 30 susceptibility to fire and the rapidity with which it emits heat. The calculation for MARHE is performed according to Equation (8) [39].…”

Section: Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burning Properties of Combined Glued Laminated Timber

Kytka,

Gašparík,

Novák

et al. 2024

Fire

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This study delved into the combustion properties of combined glulam bonded using polyurethane (PUR) and resorcinol-phenol-formaldehyde (RPF) adhesives. The experiment involved three distinct wood species, namely, spruce, alder, and beech, which were combined in homogeneous, non-homogeneous symmetrical, and non-homogeneous asymmetrical arrangements. These species were selected to represent a spectrum, namely, softwood (spruce), low-density hardwood (alder), and high-density hardwood (beech). The varying combinations of wood species illustrate potential compositions within structural elements, aiming to optimize mechanical bending resistance. Various parameters were measured during combustion, namely, the heat release rate (HRR), peak heat release rate (pHRR), mass loss rate (MLR), average rate of heat emission (ARHE), peak average rate of heat emission (MARHE), time to ignition (TTI), and effective heat of combustion (EHC). The findings indicate that incorporating beech wood into the composite glulam resulted in an increase in heat release, significantly altering the burning characteristics, which was particularly evident at the second peak. Conversely, the use of spruce wood exhibited the lowest heat release rate. Alder wood, when subjected to heat flux at the glued joint, displayed the highest heat emission, aligning with the results for EHC and MARHE. This observation suggests that wood species prone to early thermal decomposition emit more heat within a shorter duration. The time to ignition (TTI) was consistent, occurring between the first and second minute across all tested wood species and combinations. Notably, when subjected to heat flux, the glulam samples bonded with PUR adhesive experienced complete delamination of the initial two glued joints, whereas those bonded with RPF adhesive exhibited only partial delamination.

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“…Due to the ammability of ENR and PLA, it is an urgent challenge to improve their ame retardancy [15,16]. At present, the main strategy to improve the ame retardancy of polymers is to add ame retardants to the matrix, such as halogen additives [17,18], metal hydroxides [19,20], silicon compound ame retardants [21,22], intumescent ame retardants (IFRs) [23][24][25]. As far as these ame retardants are concerned, IFRs have received widespread attention because of their low smoke[26], low toxicity [27], high e ciency[28] and small addition [23].…”

Section: Introduction Of Cs/gp Improves the Self-healing And Ame-reta...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong, self-healing and flame-retardant elastomer composite based on epoxidized natural rubber, polylactic acid, chitosan and guanidine phosphate

You,

Zhang,

Chen

et al. 2024

J Polym Res

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With the rapid development of society, polymer materials are widely used in automotive, construction, and electronic components due to their excellent properties such as easy processing, cheap price, and corrosion resistance. However, most polymers, such as rubber and leather, suffer from poor mechanical properties, susceptibility to micro cracking and ammability. In this paper, an epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)/polylactic acid (PLA)/chitosan (CS)/guanidine phosphate (GP) composite with certain self-healing and ame-retardant properties was successfully prepared. The network structure is constructed by forming thermoplastic elastomers (TVPs) through ENR and PLA, and the amino groups on CS and GP can form hydrogen bonds with ENR. which improves the mechanical properties of ENR/PLA composites and gives the ENR/PLA/CS/GP composites excellent self-healing properties. Secondly, CS and GP can also form intumescent ame retardants to improve the ame-retardant properties of ENR/PLA composites. Among them, the ENR/PLA/CS 2 /GP 4 composite can achieve 78% self-healing effect and 35.8% reduction in ame retardant heat release rate (HRR).

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Fire risk assessment of cypress wood coated with metal oxide and metal silicate flame retardant using cone calorimeter

Cited by 15 publications

References 30 publications

Effect of immersion time on the combustion characteristics of oil‐impregnated transformer insulating paperboard

Effect of immersion time on the combustion characteristics of oil‐impregnated transformer insulating paperboard

Burning Properties of Combined Glued Laminated Timber

Strong, self-healing and flame-retardant elastomer composite based on epoxidized natural rubber, polylactic acid, chitosan and guanidine phosphate

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