“…Changes in government approaches to managing environmental issues and relations with organizations within the movement have also complicated the confrontational relationship that had characterized the earlier period (Downes, 2000). Although the relationship has become more complex since the election of a right of centre National government focused more on exploiting natural resources (see O'Brien, 2012O'Brien, , 2013cInterview, 1 April 2011), the pattern of fragmentation can be seen to continue.…”
Section: Moving Forward With Confidence or Fragmenting To Insignificamentioning
The contemporary New Zealand environmental movement emerged in the 1960s to challenge large-scale development projects, represented by the 'Save Manapouri' campaign. The movement grew in the 1970s and 1980s before subsequently declining in scale, reflecting partial success with the institutionalization of environmental issues. Concurrent with institutionalization and declining levels of activism has been growth in the number and range of community-based environmental groups. This article draws on interviews conducted with activists and officials to develop an understanding of the relationship between these trends. The aim is to (1) outline the factors that have shaped the character of the New Zealand environmental movement and (2) determine how the movement has evolved in relation to external pressures. The findings suggest that although the environmental movement is less visible than in earlier periods, it retains an important position, with latent potential for future mobilization.
“…Changes in government approaches to managing environmental issues and relations with organizations within the movement have also complicated the confrontational relationship that had characterized the earlier period (Downes, 2000). Although the relationship has become more complex since the election of a right of centre National government focused more on exploiting natural resources (see O'Brien, 2012O'Brien, , 2013cInterview, 1 April 2011), the pattern of fragmentation can be seen to continue.…”
Section: Moving Forward With Confidence or Fragmenting To Insignificamentioning
The contemporary New Zealand environmental movement emerged in the 1960s to challenge large-scale development projects, represented by the 'Save Manapouri' campaign. The movement grew in the 1970s and 1980s before subsequently declining in scale, reflecting partial success with the institutionalization of environmental issues. Concurrent with institutionalization and declining levels of activism has been growth in the number and range of community-based environmental groups. This article draws on interviews conducted with activists and officials to develop an understanding of the relationship between these trends. The aim is to (1) outline the factors that have shaped the character of the New Zealand environmental movement and (2) determine how the movement has evolved in relation to external pressures. The findings suggest that although the environmental movement is less visible than in earlier periods, it retains an important position, with latent potential for future mobilization.
“…This favoured National, as former banker John Key was presented as 'one of us', while Labour leader Phil Goff's style was described as 'professional to the point of remoteness' (Hubbard 2011). Another important issue during the campaign was the exploitation of natural resources (particularly coal and oil) and the environmental impact (Rudzitis and Bird 2011;O'Brien 2012b). Together, the weakness of the Labour Party and the visibility of environmental issues provided a solid base on which the Green Party could campaign.…”
Section: Campaign Election and Future Prospectsmentioning
“…Economic pressures have resulted in increased dairy farming at the expense of waterways, and severely depleted fishing stock due to over fishing (19), as well as the pollution of marine and freshwater fish (68,69). Off shore deep sea drilling poses a new potential threat to customary fishing (70).…”
Section: Enablers and Constraints To The Development Of Traditional Kaimentioning
Revitalising traditional kai has considerable potential to improve food security for Māori, both directly in terms of food supply and by providing income, and warrants policy and practical support. These findings have implications for other indigenous cultures who are struggling to be food secure.
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