First Demonstration of 400ZR DWDM Transmission through Field Deployable Hollow-Core-Fibre Cable

Iqbal, Asif; Wright, Paul; Parkin, Neil; Fake, M.; Alonso, Marcelo; Sandoghchi, Seyed Reza; Lord, Andrew

doi:10.1364/ofc.2021.f4c.2

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…First, Nespola et al built DWDM links with channels with a relatively low, 25 Gb/s, data rate in 2019-2021 [112][113][114]. In 2021, a successful transmission at 400 Gb/s and 800 Gb/s channel data rates was reported [54,115] using off-the-shelf commercial transceivers. Maximum transmission distances at 400 Gb/s satisfy the requirements for national core networks in most European countries, approx.…”

Section: Nanfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The practical absence of Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) eliminated the transfer of optical power from short wavelength channels to long wavelength channels in wideband DWDM links, e.g., from C band to L band [113,115].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Elimination of nonlinear optical effects (SPM, XPM, FWM, SRS, SBS); • Wider bandwidth with suitable optical amplifiers; • Increase in transmit power per channel and repeater spacing; • Lower demand for dispersion compensation and FEC; • Fewer amplifiers in metro and long-distance networks [130,131].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Hollow-Core Optical Fibers for Telecommunications and Data Transmission

Borzycki,

Osuch

2023

Applied Sciences

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Hollow-core optical fibers (HCFs) have unique properties like low latency, negligible optical nonlinearity, wide low-loss spectrum, up to 2100 nm, the ability to carry high power, and potentially lower loss then solid-core single-mode fibers (SMFs). These features make them very promising for communication networks and similar applications. However, this class of fibers is still in development. Current applications are almost exclusively limited to low-latency data links for High-Speed Trading (HST); other uses are in the trial stage now. In this paper, we comprehensively review the progress in the development of HCFs including fiber design, fabrication and parameters (with comparisons to conventional single-mode fibers) and support technologies like splicing and testing. A variety of HCF applications in future telecom networks and systems is analyzed, pointing out their strengths and limitations. Additionally, we review the influence of filler gas and entry of contaminants on HCF attenuation, and propose a new fusion splicing technique, avoiding the destruction of the fiber’s photonic cladding at high temperature.

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Section: Nanfmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hollow-Core Optical Fibers for Telecommunications and Data Transmission

Borzycki,

Osuch

2023

Applied Sciences

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“…Secondly, by virtue of its group index being very close to 1, a hollow-core fiber guides light with near-vacuum latency, a property emerging as increasingly important in many data communications applications [18]. Indeed, low latency is advantageous for the deployment and functioning of 5G networks, where timing requirements are stringent [19][20][21][22][23][24], or in data centers and even supercomputers [25][26][27][28]. Moreover, as the optical field of the guided mode inside the hollow-core does not interact strongly with the solid material, the low latency is complemented by very low group velocity dispersion and is remarkably resilient to changes in the environment, particularly temperature [29][30][31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loss in hollow-core optical fibers: mechanisms, scaling rules, and limits

Fokoua¹,

Mousavi²,

Jasion³

et al. 2023

Adv. Opt. Photon.

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Over the past few years, progress in hollow-core optical fiber technology has reduced the attenuation of these fibers to levels comparable to those of all-solid silica-core single-mode fibers. The sustained pace of progress in the field has sparked renewed interest in the technology and created the expectation that it will one day enable realization of the most transparent light-propagating waveguides ever produced, across all spectral regions of interest. In this work we review and analyze the various physical mechanisms that drive attenuation in hollow-core optical fibers. We consider both the somewhat legacy hollow-core photonic bandgap technology as well as the more recent antiresonant hollow-core fibers. As both fiber types exploit different guidance mechanisms from that of conventional solid-core fibers to confine light to the central core, their attenuation is also dominated by a different set of physical processes, which we analyze here in detail. First, we discuss intrinsic loss mechanisms in perfect and idealized fibers. These include leakage loss, absorption, and scattering within the gas filling the core or from the glass microstructure surrounding it, and roughness scattering from the air–glass interfaces within the fibers. The latter contribution is analyzed rigorously, clarifying inaccuracies in the literature that often led to the use of inadequate scaling rules. We then explore the extrinsic contributions to loss and discuss the effect of random microbends as well as that of other perturbations and non-uniformities that may result from imperfections in the fabrication process. These effects impact the loss of the fiber predominantly by scattering light from the fundamental mode into lossier higher-order modes and cladding modes. Although these contributions have often been neglected, their role becomes increasingly important in the context of producing, one day, hollow-core fibers with sub-0.1-dB/km loss and a pure single-mode guidance. Finally, we present general scaling rules for all the loss mechanisms mentioned previously and combine them to examine the performance of recently reported fibers. We lay some general guidelines for the design of low-loss hollow-core fibers operating at different spectral regions and conclude the paper with a brief outlook on the future of this potentially transformative technology.

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