First Detection of Chronic Wasting Disease in a Wild Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in Europe

Vikøren, Turid; Våge, Jørn; Madslien, Knut; Røed, Knut; Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Tran, Linh; Hopp, Petter; Veiberg, Vebjørn; Heum, Marianne; Moldal, Torfinn; Neves, Carlos G. das; Handeland, Kjell; Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Kolbjørnsen, Øyvor; Wisløff, Helene; Terland, Randi; Saure, Britt; Dessen, Kine M.; Svendsen, Solveig Gjerden; Nordvik, Brit S.; Benestad, Sylvie L.

doi:10.7589/2018-10-262

Cited by 76 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…However, this phenomenon could mirror the effects of traumatic brain injury in human neurodegenerative diseases, such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy produced by the accumulation of misfolded aggregates composed of the tau protein (Woerman et al, 2016;Rubenstein et al, 2017;Edwards et al, 2019). Thus, chronic trauma may have played a role in the origin of CWD and in recent 'spontaneous' CWD reports in Scandinavia (Benestad et al, 2016;Evira, 2018;Vikøren et al, 2019), although this remains speculative and further research is required.…”

Section: The Biology Of Prions and Prion Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead, this early detection could be related to intense observation by veterinarians in this research facility. More historical-epidemiology research is necessary regarding CWD in Colorado to understand better the apparently spontaneous CWD cases recently confirmed in Europe (Benestad et al, 2016;Evira, 2018;Vikøren et al, 2019). Experimental challenges using infected brain homogenate of scrapie-infected sheep suggest that scrapie prions from sheep can infect elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) (Hamir et al, 2004) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (Greenlee, Smith & Kunkle, 2011).…”

Section: Chronic Wasting Disease Biology Epidemiology and Tranmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3). Europe has documented transmission in free-ranging reindeer (also known as caribou; Rangifer tarandus), red deer, and moose in Norway, Sweden, and Finland (Benestad et al, 2016;Evira, 2018;Vikøren et al, 2019). South Korea has reported CWD in captive elk transferred from a Canadian captive cervid facility (Kim et al, 2005).…”

Section: Chronic Wasting Disease Biology Epidemiology and Tranmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The ecology of chronic wasting disease in wildlife

et al. 2019

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Prions are misfolded infectious proteins responsible for a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases termed transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or prion diseases. Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is the prion disease with the highest spillover potential, affecting at least seven Cervidae (deer) species. The zoonotic potential of CWD is inconclusive and cannot be ruled out. A risk of infection for other domestic and wildlife species is also plausible. Here, we review the current status of the knowledge with respect to CWD ecology in wildlife. Our current understanding of the geographic distribution of CWD lacks spatial and temporal detail, does not consider the biogeography of infectious diseases, and is largely biased by sampling based on hunters' cooperation and funding available for each region. Limitations of the methods used for data collection suggest that the extent and prevalence of CWD in wildlife is underestimated. If the zoonotic potential of CWD is confirmed in the short term, as suggested by recent results obtained in experimental animal models, there will be limited accurate epidemiological data to inform public health. Research gaps in CWD prion ecology include the need to identify specific biological characteristics of potential CWD reservoir species that better explain susceptibility to spillover, landscape and climate configurations that are suitable for CWD transmission, and the magnitude of sampling bias in our current understanding of CWD distribution and risk. Addressing these research gaps will help anticipate novel areas and species where CWD spillover is expected, which will inform control strategies. From an ecological perspective, control strategies could include assessing restoration of natural predators of CWD reservoirs, ultrasensitive CWD detection in biotic and abiotic reservoirs, and deer density and landscape modification to reduce CWD spread and prevalence.

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Section: The Biology Of Prions and Prion Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chronic Wasting Disease Biology Epidemiology and Tranmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chronic Wasting Disease Biology Epidemiology and Tranmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The ecology of chronic wasting disease in wildlife

et al. 2019

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“…It does have some similarities with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), but the presence of BSE has been formally ruled out as a possibility by the EURL Strain Typing Expert Group (STEG) by sPMCA methods aiming at identifying the BSE strain in an isolate (Gough et al, 2014). As for the Norwegian CWD moose, no PrP Sc was detectable in the lymph nodes and tonsils of this red deer (Vikøren et al, 2019).…”

Section: Europementioning

confidence: 99%

Update on chronic wasting disease (CWD) III

Koutsoumanis¹,

Allende²,

Álvarez‐Ordóñez³

et al. 2019

EFS2

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The European Commission asked EFSA for a Scientific Opinion: to revise the state of knowledge about the differences between the chronic wasting disease (CWD) strains found in North America (NA) and Europe and within Europe; to review new scientific evidence on the zoonotic potential of CWD and to provide recommendations to address the potential risks and to identify risk factors for the spread of CWD in the European Union. Full characterisation of European isolates is being pursued, whereas most NA CWD isolates have not been characterised in this way. The differing surveillance programmes in these continents result in biases in the types of cases that can be detected. Preliminary data support the contention that the CWD strains identified in Europe and NA are different and suggest the presence of strain diversity in European cervids. Current data do not allow any conclusion on the implications of strain diversity on transmissibility, pathogenesis or prevalence. Available data do not allow any conclusion on the zoonotic potential of NA or European CWD isolates. The risk of CWD to humans through consumption of meat cannot be directly assessed. At individual level, consumers of meat, meat products and offal derived from CWD-infected cervids will be exposed to the CWD agent(s). Measures to reduce human dietary exposure could be applied, but exclusion from the food chain of whole carcasses of infected animals would be required to eliminate exposure. Based on NA experiences, all the risk factors identified for the spread of CWD may be associated with animals accumulating infectivity in both the peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. A subset of risk factors is relevant for infected animals without involvement of peripheral tissues. All the risk factors should be taken into account due to the potential co-localisation of animals presenting with different disease phenotypes. SummaryIn 2018, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked by the European Commission to deliver a Scientific Opinion on three Terms of Reference (ToRs) related to chronic wasting disease (CWD): (ToR1) to revise the state of knowledge, considering new scientific data, about the differences: a) between the strains found in different species in North America (NA) and in Europe and b) between the strains found so far in moose, reindeer and red deer in Europe, with the main emphasis on transmissibility (transmission paths), pathogenicity and prevalence of the different strains and susceptibility of the different species/genotypes; (ToR2) to revise the new scientific evidence on the zoonotic potential of CWD, to assess the risk of transmission to humans through the consumption of fresh meat, meat products and offal of cervids and to provide recommendations on possible additional control measures to address the risks identified; and (ToR3) to identify risk factors that can facilitate the spread of CWD in the European Union given the current situation of the disease.To source the relevant data, the extensive literature searches used in ...

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“…Intriguingly, CWD has been identified in North American Rangifer only recently and in a captive reindeer [4], despite the potential overlap in cervid habitats. There is a single report of CWD detection in wild-red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Europe [5], even though former reports in captive herds [6,7]. CWD is caused by the conversion of the hostencoded cellular prion protein (PrP C ) into an abnormal isoform (PrP Sc , also called prions) [8][9][10] of which accumulation eventually causes fatal neurodegeneration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic wasting disease associated with prion protein gene (PRNP) variation in Norwegian wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)

Güere

Våge

Tharaldsen

et al. 2019

Prion

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The emergence of CWD in Europe in 2016 and the first natural infection in wild reindeer warranted disease management. This led to the testing of 2424 hunted or culled reindeer during 2016-2018, from the infected subpopulation in the Nordfjella mountain range in Southern Norway. To identify any association between PRNP variation and CWD susceptibility, we characterized the open reading frame of the PRNP gene in 19 CWD positive reindeer and in 101 age category-and sex-matched CWD negative controls. Seven variant positions were identified: 6 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and a 24 base pair (bp) deletion located between nucleotide position 238 and 272, encoding four instead of five octapeptide repeats. With a single exception, all variant positions but one were predicted to be nonsynonymous. The synonymous SNV and the deletion are novel in reindeer. Various combinations of the non-synonymous variant positions resulted in the identification of five PRNP alleles (A-E) that structured into 14 genotypes. We identified an increased CWD risk in reindeer carrying two copies of the most common allele, A, coding for serine in position 225 (Ser225) and in those carrying allele A together with the 24 bp deletion. ARTICLE HISTORY

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First Detection of Chronic Wasting Disease in a Wild Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in Europe

Cited by 76 publications

References 11 publications

The ecology of chronic wasting disease in wildlife

The ecology of chronic wasting disease in wildlife

Update on chronic wasting disease (CWD) III

Chronic wasting disease associated with prion protein gene (PRNP) variation in Norwegian wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)

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