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This paper summarizes the current knowledge on Neotropical Mymaridae. Separate identification keys for females, and for males where known, are given for the 60 valid genera of Mymaridae in the Neotropical region south of Mexico but including Bermuda and the islands of the Caribbean Sea. The subgenera of four genera (Anagrus Haliday, Anaphes Haliday, Erythmelus Enock and Polynema Haliday) are also included in the key to females. The genera are illustrated with 356 photographs. The 298 valid species reported from the region are catalogued. Host genus and, sometimes, species records are reported for 15 genera and 61 species of Mymaridae from rearings undertaken in the region. The hosts identified to order and sometimes to family are known for a few additional genera. An appendix lists the 34 species from Mexico but not recorded in the Neotropical region as defined in this publication. Tanyostethium Yoshimoto, syn. n., is synonymized under Erdosiella Soyka and its type species Tanyostethium elongatum Yoshimoto is transferred to Erdosiella as Erdosiella elongatum (Yoshimoto), comb. n. †Palaeopatasson Witsack, syn. n., is synonymized under Schizophragma Ogloblin and its type species, †Palaeopatasson grollei Witsack is transferred to Schizophragma as Schizophragma †grollei (Witsack), comb. n. One new genus in the Polynema group of genera is described from the New World, Quasipalaeoneura Triapitsyn & Huber, gen. n., with the type species Polynema mymaripennis Dozier. Palaeoneura mymaripennis (Dozier) and P. durwest Triapitsyn are transferred to Quasipalaeoneura as, respectively, Quasipalaeoneura mymaripennis (Dozier), comb. n. and Quasipalaeoneura durwest (Triapitsyn), comb. n..
This paper summarizes the current knowledge on Neotropical Mymaridae. Separate identification keys for females, and for males where known, are given for the 60 valid genera of Mymaridae in the Neotropical region south of Mexico but including Bermuda and the islands of the Caribbean Sea. The subgenera of four genera (Anagrus Haliday, Anaphes Haliday, Erythmelus Enock and Polynema Haliday) are also included in the key to females. The genera are illustrated with 356 photographs. The 298 valid species reported from the region are catalogued. Host genus and, sometimes, species records are reported for 15 genera and 61 species of Mymaridae from rearings undertaken in the region. The hosts identified to order and sometimes to family are known for a few additional genera. An appendix lists the 34 species from Mexico but not recorded in the Neotropical region as defined in this publication. Tanyostethium Yoshimoto, syn. n., is synonymized under Erdosiella Soyka and its type species Tanyostethium elongatum Yoshimoto is transferred to Erdosiella as Erdosiella elongatum (Yoshimoto), comb. n. †Palaeopatasson Witsack, syn. n., is synonymized under Schizophragma Ogloblin and its type species, †Palaeopatasson grollei Witsack is transferred to Schizophragma as Schizophragma †grollei (Witsack), comb. n. One new genus in the Polynema group of genera is described from the New World, Quasipalaeoneura Triapitsyn & Huber, gen. n., with the type species Polynema mymaripennis Dozier. Palaeoneura mymaripennis (Dozier) and P. durwest Triapitsyn are transferred to Quasipalaeoneura as, respectively, Quasipalaeoneura mymaripennis (Dozier), comb. n. and Quasipalaeoneura durwest (Triapitsyn), comb. n..
Background Gonipterus platensis Marelli, 1926 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the main defoliating beetles in Eucalyptus plantations. Biological control with egg parasitoids is one of the main control strategies for this pest and a constant supply of fresh host eggs is required to rear the parasitoids. Polyandry can influence Gonipterus oviposition by increasing female fecundity and fertility; however, the high density of individuals in laboratory colonies can lead to male harassment, resulting in lower reproduction rate. The aim of this study was to measure the effects of monoandry and polyandry on the reproduction of G. platensis and the effects of male harassment on laboratory rearing conditions. Methods Reproductive parameters were compared between three treatments: monoandry, where the female was allowed to mate daily with the same male; no choice polyandry, where the female was allowed to mate daily with a different male; and polyandry with choice, where the female was allowed to mate daily, but with a choice between five different males. Another experiment varying the density of males was conducted to evaluate the effect of male harassment. Results Polyandry with choice resulted in the longest period of oviposition, highest fecundity and highest number of eggs per egg capsules when compared to monoandrous females. No negative effect related to male harassment in the laboratory, such as decreased fertility, fecundity, or number of eggs per egg capsule, was detected. Conclusion Polyandry contributes to mass rearing as it increases fecundity and oviposition period on females and there is no evidence of male harassment on G. platensis.
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