First detection of tetrodotoxin and high levels of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish from Sicily (Italy) by three different analytical methods

Dell’Aversano, Carmela; Tartaglione, Luciana; Polito, Giuseppe; Dean, Karl; Giacobbe, Maria Grazia; Casabianca, Silvia; Capellacci, Samuela; Penna, Antonella; Turner, Andrew D.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.081

Cited by 67 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The method was specific and linear over the full calibration range and accurately determined sample toxicity and toxins concentrations for all the toxins included. As regards TTXs, the LOQs obtained were slightly higher than those of other validated methods, with a maximum of 1.56 μg TTX/Kg of shellfish, but were more than sufficient compared to the EFSA limit proposed [36].…”

Section: Methods Of Detection and Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 74%

Public Health Risks Associated with Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogues in European Waters: Recent Advances after The EFSA Scientific Opinion

Katikou

2019

Toxins

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Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its analogues are naturally occurring toxins responsible worldwide for human intoxication cases and fatalities, mainly associated with pufferfish consumption. In the last decade, TTXs were detected in marine bivalves and gastropods from European waters. As TTXs are not regulated or monitored at EU level, their unexpected occurrence in shellfish raised concerns as a food safety hazard and revealed the necessity of a thorough assessment on the public health risks associated with their presence. For this reason, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was requested by the European Commission to provide a scientific opinion, finally adopted in March 2017, according to which a provisional concentration below 44 μg TTX equivalents/kg shellfish meat, based on a large portion size of 400 g, was considered not to result in adverse effects in humans. The EFSA expert panel, however, recognized a number of shortcomings and uncertainties related to the unavailability of sufficient scientific data and provided relevant recommendations for future research to overcome these data gaps identified in order to further refine the risk assessment on TTXs. The present review aims to summarize the knowledge obtained towards addressing these recommendations in the two years following publication of the EFSA opinion, at the same time highlighting the points requiring further investigation.

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Section: Methods Of Detection and Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 74%

Public Health Risks Associated with Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogues in European Waters: Recent Advances after The EFSA Scientific Opinion

Katikou

2019

Toxins

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“…Several European studies have been conducted since the EFSA risk assessment [12][13][14][15][16]. All these new data were obtained using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography associated with tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Detection of Tetrodotoxin in Bivalves and Gastropods from the French Mainland Coasts

Hort

Arnich

Guérin

et al. 2020

Toxins

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In 2015, tetrodotoxins (TTXs) were considered a potential threat in Europe since several studies had shown the presence of these toxins in European bivalve molluscs. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of TTXs in 127 bivalve samples (mussels and oysters) and in 66 gastropod samples (whelks) collected all along the French mainland coasts in 2017 and 2018. Analyses were carried out after optimization and in-house validation of a performing hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography associated with tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) method. The concentration set by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) not expected to result in adverse effects (44 µg TTX equivalent/kg) was never exceeded, but TTX was detected in three mussel samples and one whelk sample (1.7–11.2 µg/kg). The tissue distribution of TTX in this whelk sample showed higher concentrations in the digestive gland, stomach and gonads (7.4 µg TTX/kg) than in the rest of the whelk tissues (below the limit of detection of 1.7 µg TTX/kg). This is the first study to report the detection of TTX in French molluscs.

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“…GTX5 was detected in almost all samples, but they were all lower than the LOQ (s/n = 10). Concentrations of C1, GTX1, GTX2, GTX3, GTX4 and TTX in this sample were determined to be 1645, 48,614,35,357,8751,14,195 and 229 nmol/kg, respectively, using the standard curves drawn for the authentic compounds. The peak detected at 19.7 min at m/z 380 > 300 was assigned as 12β-deoxygonyautoxin 3 (12β-deoxyGTX3) ( Figure 1A) based on HR-MS (m/z calculated for C10H18N7O7 S: 380.0980 [M+H] + , found: 380.0989, Δ 2.3 ppm, Figure S1) along with HR-LC-MS and HR-LC-MS/MS by comparison with synthetic 12β-deoxyGTX3 standard [53] (Figures S1 and S2).…”

Section: Analysis Of Psts and Ttx In Scallops Using Hilic-ms/msmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After that, this toxin was frequently detected in the common blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, and in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in 2015 [31], and in the oysters, Ostrea edulis, mussels, and the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, in 2017 [32] in England. Continuously, it was detected in mussels in Greece in 2012 and 2015 [33], in mussels and oysters in the Netherlands in 2016 and 2018 [34] and in Italy in 2018 [35], and in Ruditapes philippinarum, Sinonovacula constricta, M. edulis, and M. coruscus in China in 2013-2014 [36]. According to a recent review, TTX has been reported in 11 species of bivalves from seven countries and many species of edible gastropods from five countries [37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Variation of the Profile and Concentrations of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Tetrodotoxin in the Scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, Cultured in a Bay of East Japan

et al. 2019

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Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are the major neurotoxic contaminants of edible bivalves in Japan. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was recently detected in bivalve shellfish around the world, drawing widespread attention. In Japan, high levels of TTX were reported in the digestive gland of the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, in 1993; however, no new data have emerged since then. In this study, we simultaneously analyzed PSTs and TTX in scallops cultured in a bay of east Japan using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC)-MS/MS. These scallops were temporally collected from April to December 2017. The highest concentration of PSTs (182 µmol/kg, total congeners) in the hepatopancreas was detected in samples collected on May 23, lined to the cell density of the dinoflagellate, Alexandrium tamarense, in seawater around the scallops, whereas the highest concentration of TTX (421 nmol/kg) was detected in samples collected on August 22. Contrary to the previous report, temporal variation of the PSTs and TTX concentrations did not coincide. The highest concentration of TTX in the entire edible tissues was 7.3 µg/kg (23 nmol/kg) in samples obtained on August 22, which was lower than the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)-proposed threshold, 44 µg TTX equivalents/kg shellfish meat. In addition, 12β-deoxygonyautoxin 3 was firstly identified in scallops.

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First detection of tetrodotoxin and high levels of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish from Sicily (Italy) by three different analytical methods

Cited by 67 publications

References 52 publications

Public Health Risks Associated with Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogues in European Waters: Recent Advances after The EFSA Scientific Opinion

Public Health Risks Associated with Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogues in European Waters: Recent Advances after The EFSA Scientific Opinion

First Detection of Tetrodotoxin in Bivalves and Gastropods from the French Mainland Coasts

Temporal Variation of the Profile and Concentrations of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Tetrodotoxin in the Scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, Cultured in a Bay of East Japan

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