First discovery of Pleistocene orangutan (Pongo sp.) fossils in Peninsular Malaysia: Biogeographic and paleoenvironmental implications

Ibrahim, Yasamin Kh.; Tshen, Lim Tze; Westaway, Kira; Humphrey, Louise; Muhammad, Ros Fatihah; Zhao, Jian‐xin; Peng, Lee Chai

doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.09.005

Cited by 57 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…1 and 5). At the state of knowledge, the securely dated Batu cave fauna documents in the same way the first occurrence of D. sumatrensis in Peninsular Malaysia at 66-33 ka (Ibrahim et al, 2013), whereas its southernmore presence at Sibrambang around 81-70 ka remains questioned (Antoine, 2012).…”

Section: The Evolutionary Framementioning

confidence: 84%

“…These deposits are mostly carried and reworked from cave to cave over long time-scales, so it is difficult to evaluate the rate of bone accumulation. This type of assemblage is the most frequently encountered in Southeast Asia (Tougard, 1998;Zeitoun et al, 2005Zeitoun et al, , 2010Rink et al, 2008;Ibrahim et al, 2013), even if some assemblages present different preservation (Chaimanee, 1998;Bacon et al, 2004Bacon et al, , 2006). The present analysis shows, however, that it is difficult to emphasize the effects of the drainage in the karsts on the composition of the preserved assemblages, and some questions remain unresolved (is the lack of small Carnivora due to the action of floods?…”

Section: Table 14mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Late Pleistocene mammalian assemblages of Southeast Asia: New dating, mortality profiles and evolution of the predator–prey relationships in an environmental context

Bacon

Westaway

Antoine

et al. 2015

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

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Karstic sites have great potential for yielding data regarding changes in faunal communities in the Pleistocene of Southeast Asia. In this region, the majority of fossil-bearing deposits are karstic breccias, which generally demonstrate a complicated sedimentary history. While most of the mammalian assemblages recovered in these deposits are only composed of isolated teeth, their study remains essential for reconstructing palaeoecology and palaeoclimatology of the region. We analysed the assemblages recovered in three mainland and two insular karstic sites: Tam

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Section: The Evolutionary Framementioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Table 14mentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Pleistocene mammalian assemblages of Southeast Asia: New dating, mortality profiles and evolution of the predator–prey relationships in an environmental context

Bacon

Westaway

Antoine

et al. 2015

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

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“…Orangutans were historically confined to dense lowland and lower‐montane rainforests, but their ability to persist in degraded landscapes suggests a greater range of habitat tolerance, which is also consistent with their wide Pleistocene distribution (Ibrahim et al. ). Orangutans prefer fruit when it is available, but can subsist on a variety of less nutritious plants foods (Galdikas ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Holocene records, however, are confined to Borneo and Sumatra (Ibrahim et al. ), and by historical times orangutans were restricted to dense rainforests with few human inhabitants. Although some authors have attributed this dramatic range loss to environmental changes (Louys et al.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; Ibrahim et al. ), orangutans certainly were hunted from the late Pleistocene onwards, and large, slow‐breeding animals are expected to be particularly vulnerable to extirpation (Corlett ). The Bornean ( P. pygmaeus) and Sumatran ( P. abelii ) orangutans are currently considered endangered and critically endangered, respectively, by the IUCN, with habitat loss, hunting and the pet trade the major threats (Rijksen and Meijaard ; Ellis et al.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rewilding the tropics, and other conservation translocations strategies in the tropicalAsia‐Pacific region

Louys

Corlett

Price

et al. 2014

Ecology and Evolution

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Alarm over the prospects for survival of species in a rapidly changing world has encouraged discussion of translocation conservation strategies that move beyond the focus of ‘at-risk’ species. These approaches consider larger spatial and temporal scales than customary, with the aim of recreating functioning ecosystems through a combination of large-scale ecological restoration and species introductions. The term ‘rewilding’ has come to apply to this large-scale ecosystem restoration program. While reintroductions of species within their historical ranges have become standard conservation tools, introductions within known paleontological ranges—but outside historical ranges—are more controversial, as is the use of taxon substitutions for extinct species. Here, we consider possible conservation translocations for nine large-bodied taxa in tropical Asia-Pacific. We consider the entire spectrum of conservation translocation strategies as defined by the IUCN in addition to rewilding. The taxa considered are spread across diverse taxonomic and ecological spectra and all are listed as ‘endangered’ or ‘critically endangered’ by the IUCN in our region of study. They all have a written and fossil record that is sufficient to assess past changes in range, as well as ecological and environmental preferences, and the reasons for their decline, and they have all suffered massive range restrictions since the late Pleistocene. General principles, problems, and benefits of translocation strategies are reviewed as case studies. These allowed us to develop a conservation translocation matrix, with taxa scored for risk, benefit, and feasibility. Comparisons between taxa across this matrix indicated that orangutans, tapirs, Tasmanian devils, and perhaps tortoises are the most viable taxa for translocations. However, overall the case studies revealed a need for more data and research for all taxa, and their ecological and environmental needs. Rewilding the Asian-Pacific tropics remains a controversial conservation strategy, and would be difficult in what is largely a highly fragmented area geographically.

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Evolutionary history of orangutan plasmodia revealed by phylogenetic analysis of complete mtDNA genomes and new biogeographical divergence dating calibration models

Reid

Switzer

Alonso

et al. 2021

American J Primatol

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During the past 15 years, researchers have shown a renewed interest in the study of the Plasmodium parasites that infect orangutans. Most recently, studies examined the phylogenetic relationships and divergence dates of these parasites in orangutans using complete mitochondrial DNA genomes. Questions regarding the dating of these parasites, however, remain. In the present study, we provide a new calibration model for dating the origins of Plasmodium parasites in orangutans using a modified date range for the origin of macaques in Asia. Our Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of complete Plasmodium sp. mitochondrial DNA genomes inferred two clades of plasmodia in orangutans (Pongo 1 and Pongo 2), and that these clades likely represent the previously identified species Plasmodium pitheci and Plasmodium silvaticum. However, we cannot identify which Pongo clade is representative of the morphologically described species. The most recent common ancestor of both Pongo sp. plasmodia, Plasmodium. hylobati, and Plasmodium. inui dates to 3–3.16 million years ago (mya) (95% highest posterior density [HPD]: 2.09–4.08 mya). The Pongo 1 parasite diversified 0.33–0.36 mya (95% HPD: 0.12–0.63), while the Pongo 2 parasite diversified 1.15–1.22 mya (95% HPD: 0.63–1.82 mya). It now seems likely that the monkey Plasmodium (P. inui) is the result of a host switch event from the Pongo 2 parasite to sympatric monkeys, or P. hylobati. Our new estimates for the divergence of orangutan malaria parasites, and subsequent diversification, are all several hundred thousand years later than previous Bayesian estimates.

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First discovery of Pleistocene orangutan (Pongo sp.) fossils in Peninsular Malaysia: Biogeographic and paleoenvironmental implications

Cited by 57 publications

References 79 publications

Late Pleistocene mammalian assemblages of Southeast Asia: New dating, mortality profiles and evolution of the predator–prey relationships in an environmental context

Late Pleistocene mammalian assemblages of Southeast Asia: New dating, mortality profiles and evolution of the predator–prey relationships in an environmental context

Rewilding the tropics, and other conservation translocations strategies in the tropicalAsia‐Pacific region

Evolutionary history of orangutan plasmodia revealed by phylogenetic analysis of complete mtDNA genomes and new biogeographical divergence dating calibration models

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