First Electrochemical Report for Simultaneous Determination of Norepinephrine, Tyrosine and Nicotine Using a Nanostructure Based Sensor

Abstract

A carbon paste electrode was modified with ZnO nanorods and 3‐(4′‐amino‐3′‐hydroxy‐biphenyl‐4‐yl)‐acrylic acid (3,4′AAZCPE) to cause electrocatalysis of norepinephrine oxidation. It has been found that the oxidation of norepinephrine at the surface of modified electrode occurs at a potential of about 180 mV less positive than that of an unmodified carbon paste electrode. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) exhibits linear dynamic range from 1.0×10−7 to 8.0×10−5 M and a detection limit of 3.9×10−8 M for norepinephrine. In addition, this modified electrode was used for simultaneous determination of norepinephrine, tyrosine and nicotine.

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“…Many diseases and the caducity process are related to changes of its concentration, thus the quantitative determination of trace NE in biological fluids provides important information on its physiological functions and the diagnosis of some diseases in clinical medicine 31,32 .…”

Synthesis of conductive polymeric ionic liquid/Ni nanocomposite and its application to construct a nanostructure based electrochemical sensor for determination of warfarin in the presence of tramadol

“…Modification of the electrode surface can offer some notable improvements in the electrochemical responses [59][60][61][62][63][64][65].…”

Graphene Oxide/ZnO Nano Composite for Sensitive and Selective Electrochemical Sensing of Levodopa and Tyrosine Using Modified Graphite Screen Printed Electrode

“…In the human body, tyrosine is a precursor of several neurotransmitters including levodpa, norepinephrine and epinephrine [10,11] and levodopa is synthesized from tyrosine by tyrosine hydroxylase [12]. Therefore, to know the treatment and study of the mechanism of Parkinson's disease simultaneous determination of levodopa and tyrosine in human plasma can be of analytical interest [13].…”

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1IntroductionParkinsonsd isease is ac hronic neurodegenerative disease that occurs whent he substantia nigra of the midbrain dies and fails to generate enough dopamine [ 1]. This condition causes tremors,m uscle stiffness or rigidity, slowness of movement and poor balance [2].L evodopa, is one of the catecholamine and ak ind of the essential precursors for the biosynthesis of dopamine.L evodopa can be principally metabolized by an enzymatic reaction (dopa-descarboxilase) to dopamine compensating for the deficiency of dopamine in the brain [3].I ntroductiono f levodopa in the 1960s revolutionized the treatment of Parkinsonsd isease [4].D opamine cannot be administered directly because it cannot penetrate the bloodÀ brain barrier,b ut since levodopa is able to cross the blood-brain barrier,i ti su sed to increase dopamine levels [5][6][7].Ty rosine is an important amino acid that extensively exists in human body [8,9].I nt he human body,t yrosine is ap recursor of several neurotransmitters including levodpa, norepinephrine and epinephrine [10,11] and levodopa is synthesized from tyrosine by tyrosineh ydroxylase [12].T herefore,t ok now the treatment and studyo ft he mechanism of Parkinson'sd isease simultaneous determination of levodopaa nd tyrosine in human plasma can be of analytical interest [13].V arious analyticalt echniques for simultaneous determination of levodopa, tyrosine and related compounds in different biological matrices,i ncludingp lasma and urine have been reported in literature such as high-performancel iquid chromatography [14], spectrophotometry [15],c hemiluminiscence [16],capillary electrophoresis [17] and NMR detection [18].T hese methods are time consuming and/ore xpensive and often need the pretreatment step.A lso,s ome of them suffer froml ow sensitivity and selectivity in the corresponding determinations [19],b ut electrochemical methods present distinctive advantages, such as quick response,l ow detection limit, low cost, simple operation and the absence of pretreatment [20].Thes creen-printede lectrodes (SPEs) have been designed especially for miniaturization of electrochemical analytical systems [21,22].S PEs are highly-versatile,e asy to use,cost-effective analytical tools,also suitable to miniaturization [23,24].F urthermore,ascreen printed electrode avoids the cleaning process,u nlike conventional electrodes such as ag lassy carbon electrode( GCE) [25].Abstract:D eterminationo fl evodopa and tyrosine as two important species for treatme...

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