First gadolinium loading to Super-Kamiokande

Abe, K.; Bronner, C.; Hayato, Y.; Hiraide, K.; Ikeda, M.; Imaizumi, S.; Kameda, J.; Kanemura, Y.; Kataoka, Y.; Miki, S.; Miura, M.; Moriyama, S.; Nagao, Y.; Nakahata, M.; Nakayama, S.; Okada, Taku; Orii, A.; Pronost, G.; Sekiya, H.; Shiozawa, M.; Sonoda, Y.; Suzuki, Y.; Takeda, Atsushi; Takemoto, Y.; Takenaka, A.; Watanabe, S.; Yano, T.; Han, S.; Kajita, T.; Okumura, K.; Tashiro, T.; Xia, J.; Megías, G. D.; Bravo-Berguño, D.; Labarga, L.; Marti, Ll.; Zaldívar, Bryan; Pointon, B. W.; Blaszczyk, F. d. M.; Kearns, E.; Raaf, J. L.; Stone, J. L.; Wan, L.; Wester, T.; Bian, J. G.; Griskevich, N. J.; Kropp, W. R.; Locke, S.; Mine, S.; Smy, M. B.; Sobel, H. W.; Takhistov, Volodymyr; Hill, J.; Kim, J.Y.; Lim, I. T.; Park, R.G.; Bodur, B.; Scholberg, K.; Walter, C. W.; Bernard, L.; Coffani, A.; Drapier, O.; Hedri, Sonia El; Giampaolo, A.; Gonin, M.; Mueller, T.; Paganini, P.; Quilain, B.; Ishizuka, T.; Nakamura, T.; Jang, J. S.; Learned, J. G.; Anthony, L. H. V.; Martin, Dirk; Scott, M.; Sztuc, A. A.; Uchida, Y.; Cao, S.; Berardi, V.; Catanesi, Maria Gabriella; Radicioni, E.; Calabria, N. F.; Machado, L. N.; Rosa, G. De; Collazuol, G.; Iacob, F.; Lamoureux, Mathieu; Mattiazzi, M.; Ospina, N.; Ludovici, L.; Maekawa, Y.; Nishimura, Y.; Friend, M.; Hasegawa, T.; Ishida, Toru; Kobayashi, T.; Jakkapu, M.; Matsubara, Takahiko; Nakadaira, T.; Oyama, Y.; Sakashita, K.; Sekiguchi, T.; Tsukamoto, T.; Boschi, T.; Jian, Gao; Lodovico, F. Di; Migenda, J.; Taani, M.; Zsoldos, S.; Kotsar, Y.; Nakano, Y.; Ozaki, H.; Shiozawa, T.; Suzuki, Akihiro; Takeuchi, Y.; Yamamoto, Shuji; Ali, Ajmi; Ashida, Yosuke; Feng, J.; Hirota, S.; Kikawa, T.; Mori, M.; Nakaya, T.; Wendell, R.; Yasutome, K.; Fernández, P.; McCauley, N.; Mehta, Poonam; Tsui, K. M.; Fukuda, Y.; Itow, Y.; Menjo, H.; Niwa, T.; Sato, Kenta; Tsukada, M.; Łagoda, J.; Lakshmi, S.; Mijakowski, P.; Zalipska, J.; Jiang, Jin-Liang; Jung, C. K.; Vilela, C.; Wilking, M. J.; Yanagisawa, C.; Hagiwara, Kaoru; Harada, Masayuki; Horai, T.; Ishino, H.; Ito, S.; Kitagawa, F.; Koshio, Y.; Ma, W.; Piplani, N.; Sakai, S.; Barr, G.; Barrow, D.; Cook, L.; Goldsack, A.; Samani, S.; Wark, D.; Nova, F.; Yang, J.; Jenkins, S. J.; Malek, M.; McElwee, J.; Stone, O.; Thiesse, M.; Thompson, L. F.; Okazawa, H.; Kim, S.B.; Seo, J. W.; Yu, I.; Ichikawa, A. K.; Nakamura, K.; Nishijima, K.; Koshiba, M.; Iwamoto, K.; Nakajima, Yoshikazu; Ogawa, Naoyuki; Yokoyama, M.; Martens, K.; Vagins, M. R.; Kuze, M.; Izumiyama, S.; Yoshida, T.; Inomoto, M.; Ishitsuka, M.; Itô, Hiroshi; Kinoshita, Toyohiko; Matsumoto, R.; Ohta, Kouji; Shinoki, M.; Suganuma, T.; Martin, J. F.; Tanaka, Hirohisa; Towstego, T.; Akutsu, R.; Hartz, M.; Konaka, A.; Perio, P. de; Prouse, N. W.; Chen, S.; Xu, Benda; Posiadała-Zezula, M.; Hadley, D. R.; O’Flaherty, M.; Richards, B.; Jamieson, B.; Walker, John M.; Minamino, A.; Okamoto, Ken‐ichi; Pintaudi, G.; Sano, S.; Sasaki, R.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2021.166248

Cited by 69 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…After years of R&D to develop the necessary water filtration technology as well as establish that loading gadolinium into Super-K would be both safe and effective [43], on 14 July 2020, the first dissolved gadolinium salt was injected into the SK detector. This first stage of loading, which was completed on 17th August 2020, saw 13.2 tons of gadolinium sulfate octahydrate added to the SK water, resulting in a gadolinium concentration of 0.01% by mass [44]. As shown in Figure 3, with 0.01% Gd 3+ in solution about half of all thermal neutrons will visibly capture on the gadolinium, with the rest being collected near invisibly on hydrogen.…”

Section: Putting the Gd In Sk-gdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects for the Detection of the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background with the Experiments SK-Gd and JUNO

Vagins

Wurm

2022

Universe

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The advent of gadolinium-loaded Super-Kamiokande (SK-Gd) and of the soon-to-start JUNO liquid scintillator detector marks a substantial improvement in global sensitivity for the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background (DSNB). The present article reviews the detector properties most relevant for the DSNB searches in both experiments and estimates the expected signal and background levels. Based on these inputs, we evaluate the sensitivity of both experiments individually and combined. Using a simplified statistical approach, we find that both SK-Gd and JUNO have the potential to reach >3σ evidence of the DSNB signal within 10 years of measurement. Combination of their results is likely to enable a 5σ discovery of the DSNB signal within the next decade.

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Section: Putting the Gd In Sk-gdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects for the Detection of the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background with the Experiments SK-Gd and JUNO

Vagins

Wurm

2022

Universe

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“…The target mass is viewed by 11, 000 50-cm photomultiplier tubes, and is surrounded by an optically isolated active veto of roughly 2-meters of water viewed by 1, 800 PMTs. Since 2020, the detector water system has been upgraded to allow gadolinium sulfate in solution to enhance the capture and detection of neutrons [453]. This Super-Kamiokande detector naturally enables the search for a variety of baryon number violation processes in the same target mass, with only atmospheric neutrinos as a competing background.…”

Section: Super-kmentioning

confidence: 99%

Searches for Baryon Number Violation in Neutrino Experiments: A White Paper

Dev¹,

Koerner²,

Saad³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Baryon number conservation is not guaranteed by any fundamental symmetry within the Standard Model, and therefore has been a subject of experimental and theoretical scrutiny for decades. So far, no evidence for baryon number violation has been observed. Large underground detectors have long been used for both neutrino detection and searches for baryon number violating processes. The next generation of large neutrino detectors will seek to improve upon the limits set by past and current experiments and will cover a range of lifetimes predicted by several Grand Unified Theories. In this White Paper, we summarize theoretical motivations and experimental aspects of searches for baryon number violation in neutrino experiments.

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“…Meantime, other multi-baseline reactor neutrino experiments, such as PROSPECT [480], STEREO [481], and DANSS [482] can help to disentangle different facets of possibly complex BSM effects. And, in the solar sector, next generation experiments, such as DUNE [475], Hyper-Kamiokande [483], JUNO [234], Super-Kamiokande-Gd [484], SNO+ [485], and THEIA [486], will collect more events with higher precision. Together, they will inaugurate the precision era of solar and reactor neutrino detection.…”

Section: Solar and Reactor Neutrinosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It also opens up a window to probe non-standard interactions occurring between DSNB and cosmic neutrino background [597] or dark matter [263]. Although backgrounds affecting the detection of this flux are large, the enrichment of Super-Kamiokande with gadolinium should dramatically reduce them and make detection of νe from the DSNB an actual possibility [484,[598][599][600][601][602][603][604]. In the future, Hyper-Kamiokande [483], DUNE [233] and JUNO [234] could detect both νe and ν e ; and together with dark matter detectors put an upper bound on contributions from other flavors [605,606].…”

Section: Supernova Neutrinosmentioning

confidence: 99%