First Images from HERO, a Hard X‐Ray Focusing Telescope

Ramsey, Brian D.; Alexander, Cheryl D.; Apple, Jeff; Benson, C. M.; Dietz, Kurtis L.; Elsner, Ronald F.; Engelhaupt, Darell; Ghosh, K. K.; Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J.; O’Dell, Stephen L.; Speegle, Chet O.; Swartz, Douglas A.; Weisskopf, Martin C.

doi:10.1086/338801

Cited by 63 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…HEROES is sensitive to hard X-rays in the 20-75 keV range, with the lower limit being determined by atmospheric absorption. HEROES is a variation on the High Energy Replicated Optics (HERO) payload, a NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) developed payload, designed for astrophysical observations and first flown in 2001 (Ramsey et al, 2002). The main upgrades were: adding a Solar Aspect System (Christe et al, 2014), adding a shutter to protect the existing star camera during solar observations, and adding alignment monitoring systems to monitor the positions of the star camera and of the main telescope during flight.…”

Section: Overview Of Heroes and Heromentioning

confidence: 99%

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Calibration of the High Energy Replicated Optics to Explore the Sun (HEROES) Hard X-ray Telescope

Wilson-Hodge

Gaskin

Christe

et al. 2014

J. Astron. Instrum.

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Sun (HEROES) hard Xray telescope flew as a balloon payload from Ft. Sumner, NM. HEROES observed the Sun, the black hole binary GRS 1915+105, and the Crab Nebula during its 27 h flight. In this paper, we describe laboratory calibration measurements of the HEROES detectors using line and continuum sources and applications of these measurements to define channel to energy (gain) corrections for observed events and to define detector response matrices. We characterize the HEROES X-ray grazing incidence optics using measurements taken in the Stray Light Facility (SLF) in Huntsville, AL, and using ray traces. We describe the application of our calibration measurements to in-flight observations of the Crab Nebula.

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Section: Overview Of Heroes and Heromentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Versions of this code have also been used in support of Chandra (e.g. (Elsner et al, 2000)), HERO (Ramsey et al, 2002), FOXSI, potential wide-field applications (e.g. Elsner et al, 2011)), and most recently ART-XC (Gubarev et al, 2014).…”

Section: Effective Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Calibration of the High Energy Replicated Optics to Explore the Sun (HEROES) Hard X-ray Telescope

Wilson-Hodge

Gaskin

Christe

et al. 2014

J. Astron. Instrum.

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“…Further, the thin, light-weight shells resulting from ENR permit heavy nesting, a requirement for higher energies where small graze angles lead to low effective areas per mirror shell. A good example of this is the MSFC HERO x-ray astronomy balloon payload, 3 where 112 iridium-coated ENR-fabricated mirror shells are used to provide sensitive observations in the 20-75 keV energy band. The size of the FOXSI mirrors is set by the energies of interest and the available payload envelope.…”

Section: Opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…New focusing x-ray optics telescopes have been developed at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and successfully flown on balloon project called HERO to observe astrophysical objects. 3,4 Coupled with new position-sensitive solid state detectors provided by JAXA/ISAS which can do spectroscopy on individual pixels, new HXR observations with unprecedented sensitivity and dynamic range are now possible. We present a new instrument which applies these technologies to solar observations via a sounding rocket payload.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Focusing Optics X-ray Solar Imager (FOXSI)

et al. 2009

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The Focusing Optics x-ray Solar Imager (FOXSI) is a sounding rocket payload funded under the NASA Low Cost Access to Space program to test hard x-ray (HXR) focusing optics and position-sensitive solid state detectors for solar observations. Today's leading solar HXR instrument, the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) provides excellent spatial (2 arcseconds) and spectral (1 keV) resolution. Yet, due to its use of an indirect imaging system, the derived images have a low dynamic range (typically <10) and sensitivity. These limitations make it difficult to study faint x-ray sources in the solar corona which are crucial for understanding the particle acceleration processes which occur there. Grazing-incidence x-ray focusing optics combined with position-sensitive solid state detectors can overcome both of these limitations enabling the next breakthrough in understanding impulsive energy release on the Sun. The FOXSI project is led by the Space Sciences Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley. The NASA Marshall Space Flight Center is responsible for the grazingincidence optics, while the Astro-H team at JAXA/ISAS has provided double-sided silicon strip detectors. FOXSI is a pathfinder for the next generation of solar hard x-ray spectroscopic imagers. Such observatories will be able to image the non-thermal electrons within the solar flare acceleration region, trace their paths through the corona, and provide essential quantitative measurements such as energy spectra, density, and energy content in accelerated electrons.

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“…Electroforming can replicate the shape and microstructure of a master surface with high accuracy. Thus, this method has played an important role in industry in the fabrication of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), precision molding and precision optics 1), 2) . Because of its shape replication accuracy, it is applied to the fabrication of high-precision mirrors used for x-ray microscopy that require shape accuracy of 1 nm order 3) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of internal stress measurement technique for Ni electroforming using Shack.Hartmann sensor

Kume

Egawa

Mimura

2016

IJEM

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The performance of an in situ internal stress measurement technique using a Shack-Hartmann sensor (SHS) is examined during nickel electrodeposition in concentrated nickel sulfamate solution. The stress is calculated from the change in the curvature of a test plate bent by stress. The curvature is measured by monitoring the wavefront of an expanded laser beam reflected at the substrate using an SHS. Applying the proposed method, curvature measurements were conducted and the repeatability and accuracy were estimated. In situ stress measurement with a current density of 2.1 mA/cm 2 revealed a repeatability of approximately 1 MPa when the thickness of the nickel layer was

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First Images from HERO, a Hard X‐Ray Focusing Telescope

Cited by 63 publications

References 5 publications

Calibration of the High Energy Replicated Optics to Explore the Sun (HEROES) Hard X-ray Telescope

Calibration of the High Energy Replicated Optics to Explore the Sun (HEROES) Hard X-ray Telescope

The Focusing Optics X-ray Solar Imager (FOXSI)

Development of internal stress measurement technique for Ni electroforming using Shack.Hartmann sensor

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