First Impressions on Three-Dimensional Printing with Earth-Based Mortar at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) printing with earth-based mortar is still under development and faces challenges. Optimising the mortar mixture, improving structural strength, determining the relationship between the printing speed and the amount of extruded material, and ensuring long-term durability are areas that are being refined. Additionally, regulatory and certification issues must also be considered to ensure the safety and compliance of 3D printed structures. This paper presents for discussion the records, analyses, studies, and considerations regarding initial initiatives involving 3D printing with the extrusion of earth-based mortar developed at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP). Through this work, it was possible to strengthen and reaffirm that 3D printing with earth-based mortar has significant potential in the construction industry and that the incorporation of dispersed kraft paper fibres from the recycling of cement bags is an excellent resource to achieve good constructability in 3D printing with earth-based mortar.

Preserving Tradition through Evolution: Critical Review of 3D Printing for Saudi Arabia’s Cultural Identity

“…In the same year, the Italian architect Mario Cucinella and WASP gave life to Technology and Clay (TECLA), the first 3D printer that uses local raw earth and, therefore, reusable and recyclable materials, collected from the local soil, producing zero emissions and adapting to any climate and context [20,36]. Furthermore, several analyses and studies are under development, such as the recent initial study developed in 2024 by the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), which investigated the advantages and potential of 3D printing with earth-based mortar [17]. In the future, other studies can define how the relationship with other construction systems occurs in printed constructions.…”

“…Performing 3D printing with earth can significantly reduce the carbon footprint of buildings since earth is a material with lower embodied energy than other construction materials. At the same time, it offers flexibility in shape and design, with the possibility of creating intricate shapes that innovatively evolve the elements of traditional architecture [17]. This paper, therefore, wishes to contribute to Saudi Arabia's sustainable and culturally vibrant future by redefining its architectural artifacts and preserving its cultural identity.…”