We managed to obtain three different series of 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinones,
named nonhalogenated and halogenated (brominated and chlorinated)
PQ analogues,
via
the molecular hybridization strategy.
Sixteen of eighteen hybrid molecules were selected by the National
Cancer Institute (NCI) of Bethesda for their
in vitro
antiproliferative potential against the full NCI 60 cell line panel.
The hybrid molecules (
BrPQ5
,
CIPQ1
, and
CIPQ3
) showed good growth inhibition at 10 μM concentration,
particularly against breast cancer cell lines. As per the results
obtained from
in vitro
antiproliferative evaluation,
cytotoxic activities of the hybrid molecules (
BrPQ5
,
CIPQ1
, and
CIPQ3
) were evaluated with an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium
bromide (MTT) assay in T47D and MCF7 breast cancer and human umbilical
vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells. Molecules exhibited cytotoxic activity,
and especially,
CIPQ1
showed remarkable cytotoxic activity
and good selectivity on T47D and MCF7 cells. Furthermore,
CIPQ1
could inhibit cell proliferation, cause apoptotic cell death and
disturb the cell cycle in T47D and MCF7 cells. Additionally,
CIPQ1
caused oxidative stress induction in both cells, more
so in T47D.
In vitro
study results indicated that
the anticancer activity of
CIPQ1
was more prominent in
T47D cells than in MCF7 cells. The compound
CIPQ1
showed
a prominent binding with JNK3
in silico
. Thus, the
obtained hybrid molecules
via
the molecular hybridization
strategy of two important pharmacophores could be useful in the discovery
of novel antiproliferative agents, and
CIPQ1
could be
considered a promising drug candidate.