2017
DOI: 10.18666/jpra-2017-v35-i3-7674
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First In Our Hearts but Not in Our Pocket Books: Trends in Local Governmental Financing for Parks and Recreation from 2004 to 2014

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Cited by 17 publications
(9 citation statements)
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“…While full-time salary has kept pace with other local government positions, part-time wages paid to park and recreation employees have lagged over time. In addition, local park and recreation agencies have also been subject to declining public investment, as relative allocations of tax dollars to parks and recreation have not kept pace with other local public services (Barrett et al, 2017). This decline in public investment, in both the physical and human capital necessary to deliver local park and recreation services, suggests that in addition to short-term issues, longer-term problems may begin to compound in the years to come.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 2 more Smart Citations
“…While full-time salary has kept pace with other local government positions, part-time wages paid to park and recreation employees have lagged over time. In addition, local park and recreation agencies have also been subject to declining public investment, as relative allocations of tax dollars to parks and recreation have not kept pace with other local public services (Barrett et al, 2017). This decline in public investment, in both the physical and human capital necessary to deliver local park and recreation services, suggests that in addition to short-term issues, longer-term problems may begin to compound in the years to come.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Because the SPEP represents a one-month snapshot (March) of employment and payroll in local governments, yearly salary was estimated by multiplying reported values by 12. For more detail regarding public-sector data sources and analysis procedures, see Barrett et al (2017), , and Pitas et al (2018).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…公众参与管理可为规划决策提供充分依据、 提 升管理科学性 [42] 、 增强公众支持 [28] [12] 。但现实中由于相应能力的缺乏、 主观动 机的不足等, "直接受影响主体" 常未能参与共同决 策 [43] ; 针对此, 应设立正式联系机构来构建其参与 共同决策的能力和渠道 [44] 。第三, 当地居民属 "直 接受影响主体" , 国家公园管理者应加强同社区交 往, 组织社区会议, 并尊重和依靠当地知识, 了解本 地原住民独特的决策方法、 思想观念, 使本地公众 有足够机会参与共同决策 [13,43] 。第四, 在相关主体 参与共同决策时, 应针对不同主体采用单独会谈、 小组讨论等双向交流方式, 以有效界定关键问题, 找到最终折中方案 [12] ; 若各类主体同时参与决策, 需在了解利益相关者诉求的基础上, 巧妙设计公众 参与流程, 设置有能力的组织领导者营造利益相关 者之间相互信任的氛围, 以促成共识 [45] 。第五, 在 公平决策方面, 不能主要体现文化占优势地位群体 的需要和价值, 而应同时听取弱势群体声音, 以体 现国家公园全民公益性 [46] 。 2.2.2 为科学决策提供信息 利用新技术扩大公众参与 [47] , 为以实现公益为 目标的科学决策提供信息。如在相应个体充分了 解国家公园, 能避免感知同实际不一致的情况下, 利用地理信息系统引入更广泛公众参与, 充分获取 信息资源 [48] 。第一, 可请部分公众将 100 个分值分 配给国家公园的各种生态服务价值, 并将所分配的 价值标注在地图空间点上, 利用软件在地图上生成 每种生态服务社会感知价值核密度表面 [49] , 揭示国 家公园社会感知价值热点区、 普通区同其生态服务 功能实际分布状况的交叉重叠关系, 为资源管理决 策提供参考 [50] 。若一个区域既为公众感知价值热 点区, 也为生态功能重点分布区, 则应采取强管理 策略 [51] ; 在价值感知热点区分配更多保护投入, 或 设置标识将一些访客分流到有较高景观质量, 但尚 未被识别的区域等 [50] , 以减轻对价值感知热点区的 利用压力。第二, 由了解国家公园者在网站地图上 标注所观察到的环境影响、 发生退化的生态服务点 及退化原因 [25] , 或使访客在一些偏远区或特定方面 (如观鸟)发现管理人员尚未发现的环境问题, 形成 国家公园环境影响地图 [48] [53] (表 2)。但实际中, 由于经济不景气所导致的政 府公共投入缩减 [54] 等, 完全公共化模式很难实行, 管理者需想办法应对经费不足的挑战。其中, 私营 者的补充资金变得很重要, 被鼓励参与国家公园公 共服务 [55] , 使生态保护方面的新自由主义开始盛 行, 其倡导基于市场的保护, 增加了国家公园运营 对私营企业的依赖 [56] 。以特许经营为代表的合同 制私营参与是企业参与国家公园公共服务的主要 有效模式 [57] 。特许经营企业向访客提供配套服务, 并向公园管理机构付费用于生态保护, 为维护公益 做相应贡献, 如 2016 年美国国家公园共收了 970 亿 美元特许经营费, 成为保护资金的重要来源 [15] 。其 次, "私有土地公共化管理及私营参与" 也是企业参…”
Section: 社会公众参与管理unclassified
“…The Great Recession dramatically impacted state and local governments fiscal health: revenue shortfalls ushered in a “fiscal ice age” for spending on public services in the United States (Alm and Sjoquist 2014; Gordon 2012; Kiewiet and McCubbins 2014, 105). Funds for parks and natural resource conservation were disproportionately cut and have been slow to recover, suggesting a permanent shift in spending priorities (Barrett, Pitas, and Mowen 2017). Nonprofits are stepping in to aid state and local governments in provision of public services, and nonprofit philanthropy is increasingly important in protecting and maintaining public land (Gazley 2015).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%