First measurement of the volcanic gas output from Anak Krakatau, Indonesia

Bani, Philipson; Normier, Adrien; Bacri, Clémentine; Allard, P.; Gunawan, Hendra; Hendrasto, M.; Surono,; Tsanev, V.

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.008

Cited by 18 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In the Sunda arc, high-SO2 fluid emissions have been measured at several volcanoes Aiuppa et al 2015), even during non-eruptive periods, implying continuous S degassing at depth. Recent UV absorption spectroscopy observations of gas emissions at Krakatau have underlined strong SO2 emissions (190 t/day in 2014) during quiescence periods (Bani et al 2015), whereas at Bromo, east Java, S emission was estimated to consist of 166 t/day SO2 and 25 t/day H2S (Aiuppa et al 2015). At Krakatau and several other volcanoes in the southeast Asian region and elsewhere, a "sulfur excess" has been observed during eruptions.…”

Section: Introduction Of S-o Fluid and Progressive Oxidation Of Sulfimentioning

confidence: 99%

Open-system behaviour of magmatic fluid phase and transport of copper in arc magmas at Krakatau and Batur volcanoes, Indonesia

Agangi

Reddy

2016

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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The Sunda arc of Indonesia is an excellent example of how volcanic processes at convergent plate margins affect the distribution of metals and control the distribution of ore deposits. In this paper, we report microtextural observations and microanalytical data (SEM-EDS and LA-ICP-MS) of silicate and sulfide melt inclusions from fresh samples of volcanic rocks from the 2008 eruption of Mt Krakatau and 1963 eruption of Mt Batur, Sunda arc, Indonesia that bear implications on the concentration and transport of Cu and other chalcophile elements in mafic-intermediate magmas in arc settings. These multi-phase inclusions contain glass, amphibole and plagioclase, together with co-trapped apatite, magnetite, sulfides and lobed, drop-like Fe-oxide. We observed two stages of sulfide formation: 1) early-formed sulfide globules (pyrrhotite and intermediate solid solution), which derived from an immiscible sulfide melt and only occur as inclusions in phenocrysts; and 2) late-formed, irregular Cu-rich sulfides (intermediate solid solution to bornite), which were deposited in presence of an aqueous fluid, and are contained as fluid phase precipitates in vapour bubbles of melt inclusions and in vesicles, as well as finely dispersed grains in the groundmass. Microtextural observations and X-ray elemental maps show that interaction between sulfide globules and aqueous fluid resulted in partial oxidation and transfer of Cu between the fluid and the sulfide phase. A compilation of whole-rock analyses from the Sunda arc indicates that Cu reaches ~250-300 ppm in mafic samples (SiO2 ≤ 52 wt.%), and then suddenly drops with progressive fractionation to <50 ppm in intermediate-felsic samples. This behaviour can be explained by sulfide melt exsolution or degassing and scavenging of Cu occurring at various stages of magma fractionation (at MgO ~ 8-2.5 wt.%). These trends can be effectively modelled by sulfide saturation during fractional crystallisation at oxygen fugacities varying from fO2 = FMQ +0.8 to FMQ +1.4. In contrast, LA-ICP-MS analyses of whole multi-phase melt inclusions hosted in olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase indicate variable Cu and S contents (Cu up to ~6000 ppm), which do not correlate with fractionation indicators (e.g. SiO2, MgO, Rb), consistent with co-trapping of Cu-S phases with silicate melt. The highest Cu concentrations, Cu/S and incompatible trace elements (e.g. Rb) were measured in plagioclase, which crystallised over a wider range of melt compositions in comparison with olivine and pyroxene, and preferentially contains late-formed Cu-rich sulfides. These results underline the importance of maficintermediate magmas as sources of Cu in magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits, and suggest that Srich fluid is of primary importance in the transport of Cu in arc settings. AdditionalFigure1 Click here to download Figure: AddFig1.eps AdditionalFigure2 Click here to download high resolution image AdditionalFigure3 Click here to download high resolution image

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Section: Introduction Of S-o Fluid and Progressive Oxidation Of Sulfimentioning

confidence: 99%

Open-system behaviour of magmatic fluid phase and transport of copper in arc magmas at Krakatau and Batur volcanoes, Indonesia

Agangi

Reddy

2016

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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“…the islands of Rakata, Sertung, Lang and Anak Krakatau. The crater of Krakatau was flattened under water due to the 1883 eruption; it emerged to the surface in 1930 and was named Mount Anak Krakatau, which literally means "the child of Krakatau" (Bani et al, 2015;Zen, 1970). Mount Anak Krakatau is considered among the most active volcanos in the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 22 December 2018 Mount Anak Krakatau volcanogenic tsunami on Sunda Strait coasts, Indonesia: tsunami and damage characteristics

Syamsidik¹,

Benazir

Luthfi

et al. 2020

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. On 22 December 2018, a tsunami was generated from the Mount Anak Krakatau area that was caused by volcanic flank failures. The tsunami had severe impacts on the western coast of Banten and the southern coasts of Lampung in Indonesia. A series of surveys to measure the impacts of the tsunami was started 3 d after the tsunami and lasted for 10 d. Immediate investigations allowed the collection of relatively authentic images of the tsunami impacts before the clearing process started. This article investigates the impacts of the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami on the affected areas and presents an analysis of the impacts of pure hydrodynamic tsunami forces on buildings. Impacts of the tsunami were expected to exhibit different characteristics than those found following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Aceh. Data were collected from 117 flow depths along the Banten and Lampung coasts. Furthermore, 98 buildings or houses were assessed for damage. Results of this study revealed that the flow depths were higher in Banten than in Lampung. Directions of the tsunami arrays created by the complex bathymetry around the strait caused these differences. Tsunami-induced damage to buildings was mostly the result of impact forces and drag forces. Damping forces could not be associated with the damage. The tsunami warning system in Indonesia should be extended to anticipate non-seismic tsunamis, such as landslides and volcanic processes driven by tsunamis. The lack of a tsunami warning during the first few minutes after the generation of the first wave led to a significant number of human casualties in both of the affected areas.

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“…The last of these corresponds to the cataclysmic eruptions. For (Bani et al, 2015), the birth of Anak Krakatau marked the onset of a new eruptive cycle. (Van Bemmelen, 1942).…”

Section: Emergence Of Anak Krakataumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The eruption caused more than 36.000 fatalities, most as result of devastating tsunamis that swept the adjacent coastlines of Sumatra and Java. (Bani et al, 2015). 2, Anak Krakatau is located in the Sunda Strait between Sumatra and Java.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reconstruction of the 2018 Anak Krakatau collapse using PlanetScope imaging and numerical modeling

Saviano¹

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First measurement of the volcanic gas output from Anak Krakatau, Indonesia

Cited by 18 publications

References 27 publications

Open-system behaviour of magmatic fluid phase and transport of copper in arc magmas at Krakatau and Batur volcanoes, Indonesia

Open-system behaviour of magmatic fluid phase and transport of copper in arc magmas at Krakatau and Batur volcanoes, Indonesia

The 22 December 2018 Mount Anak Krakatau volcanogenic tsunami on Sunda Strait coasts, Indonesia: tsunami and damage characteristics

Reconstruction of the 2018 Anak Krakatau collapse using PlanetScope imaging and numerical modeling

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