“…In the past few decades, common OER catalytic systems include various oxides (metal oxides, perovskite oxides, spinel oxides, hydroxides, and other oxides), nonoxides (metal sulfides, metal selenides, metal phosphides, metal nitrides, and metal carbides), and carbon-based catalysts (graphene, carbon nanotubes, and others). − Among them, one of the important OER catalysts is metal oxides (see Scheme ). Some precious metal oxides such as RuO 2 , IrO 2 , etc., exhibit a high OER catalytic activity, which is regarded as a benchmark of the OER catalyst development in alkaline and acidic electrolytes. − However, the stabilities of RuO 2 and IrO 2 are insufficient at high anodic potentials, resulting in a decrease in the OER catalytic performance, and their high costs and low reserves limit their wide application in industrial scalability as catalysts for OERs. Therefore, it is very important to develop and design low-cost, efficient, and stable OER catalysts.…”