First-Rank Symptoms and Premorbid Adjustment in Young Individuals at Increased Risk of Developing Psychosis

Abstract

Background: Individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis represent a heterogeneous group with a high rate of comorbid psychiatric disorders. There is little information on whether certain qualitative aspects of psychotic symptoms among CHR individuals may be predictive of future psychosis. This study focused on describing the prevalence of first-rank symptoms (FRS) among a sample of CHR individuals and its association with future transition to psychosis and, from a neurodevelopmental perspective, the level of adjustment of individuals at CHR during their childhood was also analysed. Sampling and Methods: Participants comprised 60 individuals at CHR (according to the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States, CAARMS) at the time of their referral to an early intervention service and 60 healthy volunteers (HVs). All subjects were assessed by senior research clinicians using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). FRS were defined according to Kurt Schneider's original classification, and information was collected from PANSS, CAARMS and clinical reports. Early premorbid functioning was measured using the Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS). We grouped individuals by number and type of FRS and analysed transitions to full-blown psychosis over a 2-year follow-up period. We also correlated the general social and functional adjustment of these individuals during their childhood (6-11 years of age) with the future development of mental states at CHR and FRS. Results: Over 69% of CHR individuals had more than one DSM-IV psychiatric diagnosis, mainly within the affective and anxiety diagnostic spectra. At least one FRS was present in 43.3% of CHR individuals, and 21.6% of these had more than one. Auditory hallucinations and passivity experiences were the most commonly reported. Only 10% of individuals at CHR made a transition to first-episode psychosis (FEP) over 2 years and, except for passivity experiences, the presence of one or more FRS was not significantly associated with the transition to FEP. CHR individuals, especially those with FRS, had poorer premorbid functioning and adjustment as children across educational, social and peer relationship domains than HVs. However, this was not associated with FEP 2 years later. Conclusions: FRS might not be indicators of psychosis alone but of different psychiatric disorders. In line with the neurodevelopmental model of psychosis, individuals at CHR might be exhibiting several vulnerability traits and manifestations of abnormal developmental processes that might predict a future psychiatric disorder and/or long-term impairment.

Characterization of children and adolescents with psychosis risk syndrome: The Children and Adolescents Psychosis Risk Syndrome (CAPRIS) study

“…Poor academic performance was related to an increased risk for schizophrenia, prior to the age of 16 (MacCabe et al, ). Although there are few studies in PRS samples (Lyngberg et al, ; Morcillo et al, ; Tikka et al, ) and even fewer in PRS youth samples, authors report worse premorbid adjustment in PRS compared with controls (Tarbox et al, ; Ziermans, Schothorst, Sprong, & van Engeland, ).…”

“…Although there are few studies in PRS samples (Lyngberg et al, 2015;Morcillo et al, 2015;Tikka et al, 2013) and even fewer in PRS youth samples, authors report worse premorbid adjustment in PRS compared with controls (Tarbox et al, 2013;Ziermans, Schothorst, Sprong, & van Engeland, 2011).…”

Listening to Schneiderian Voices: A Novel Phenomenological Analysis

“…FRS, including AVHs are understood along the lines of a dimensional phenotypic classification defining a symptom of psychosis rather than a symptom specific to schizophrenia (37,38,39). Historically, the phenomenology of AVHs was a major focus of early psychopathology research (8,40,41,42,43).…”

Neurobiological Models of Self-Disorders in Early Schizophrenia

“…Among anomalous experiences in UHR, SDs have high specificity for the schizophrenic spectrum. 7 Unlike attenuated positive symptoms, which have no prognostic significance, SDs (particularly passivity phenomena 46 ) seem to have convincing predictive power 7 of conversion to schizophrenia. If results are replicated, SDs assessment could be used by ongoing international early psychosis projects (eg, PRONIA, PSYSCAN) that are developing translational diagnostic and prognostic tools by integrating psychopathology and neuroscience modalities.…”