“…In Panama, all genera occur in the eastern drainages of Tuira and Bayano – the biogeographical province of Tuira. Some, such as Eigenmannia and Apteronotus , are restricted to this region (Meek & Hildebrand, ; Reis et al ., ), whereas others have a wider range, such as Sternopygus , which is distributed up to the central Panama drainage of Santa María (Meek & Hildebrand, ), or Gymnotus , which holds two species: G. henni , found only in the Tuira basin (Alda et al ., ), and G. panamensis , found in the Cricamola river on the western Atlantic coast (Albert & Crampton, ). Brachyhypopomus occidentalis (Regan, 1914) is the only gymnotiform that is widely distributed in Panama in nearly all Atlantic‐ and Pacific‐slope drainages in all five biogeographical provinces (Eigenmann & Ward, ; Ellis, ), thus constituting an excellent study system in which to infer the patterns and processes of colonization across LCA.…”