First record of gynandromorphism inMegachile(Pseudocentron)rubricataSmith, 1853 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Possible Epigenetic Origin of a Recurrent Gynandromorph Pattern in Megachile Wild Bees

“…Pattern 8. In M. rubricata , the gynandromorph head mostly exhibits male character states (also for ocelli–occiput distance), except for the mandibles, and typically male veins have been reported in the fore wings [ 29 ].…”

The first cases of gynandromorphism in oil‑collecting bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae: Centridini, Tapinotaspidini)

“…Gynandromorphism in bees are known from more than 140 species and 36 genera belonging to all families, though most of these records belong to the longtongued bee families (Almeida et al, 2018;Prashantha et al, 2018). Within the family Megachilidae, the records of gynandromorphs are in three tribes (Anthidini, Megachilini and Osmiini), but mainly are present in the genus Megachile Latreille (Hinojosa-Díaz et al, 2012; Coelho et al, 2016). In the family Apidae, the records of gynandromorphs were recorded from numerous genera and tribes as Anthophorini, Apini, Bombini, Epeolini, Eucerini, Euglossini, Melictini, Meliponini, Nomadini and, Xylocopini (Urban, 1999;Wcislo et al, 2004;Michez et al, 2009;Hinojosa-Díaz et al, 2012;Lucia & González, 2013;Alvarez et al, 2014;Le Féon et al, 2016;Onuferko, 2018).…”

New Cases of Gynandromorphism in Xylocopa Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

“…In despite of this, the number of gynandromorphs for bees is still around 180 specimens (Wcislo et al, 2004;Michez et al, 2009;Fateryga et al, 2011;Hinojosa-Díaz et al, 2012;Lucia et al, 2012;Silveira et al, 2012;Camargo & Gonçalves, 2013;Lucia & Gonzalez, 2013;Alvarez et al, 2014;Lucia et al, 2015;Suzuki et al, 2015;Vivallo, 2015;Coelho et al, 2016;Ugajin et al, 2016), an underestimated number comparing to total number of described bee species nowadays, something around 20.000 (Danforth et al, 2013). As the majority of the records, gynanders of X. darwini and X. varipuncta were found in the museums collections, in dry preservation, and the descriptions were based only in external morphology (Bonnet, 1952;Carcasson, 1965;Lucia et al, 2009;Lucia et al, 2012;Camargo & Gonçalves, 2013;Lucia & Gonzalez, 2013;Alvarez et al, 2014;Lucia et al, 2015;Vivallo, 2015;Coelho et al, 2016). Just a few observations about biology and behavior of gynandromorphic forms have been made (Gordh & Gulmahamad, 1975;Wcislo et al, 2004;Michez et al, 2009;Giangarelli & Sofia, 2011;Hinojosa-Díaz et al, 2012;Silveira et al, 2012;Ugajin et al, 2016).…”

“…To date, gynandromorphism has been reported for approximately 140 species of bees in 35 genera (Wcislo et al, 2004;Michez et al, 2009;Fateryga et al, 2011;Hinojosa-Díaz et al, 2012;Lucia et al, 2012;Silveira et al, 2012;Camargo & Gonçalves, 2013;Lucia & Gonzalez, 2013;Alvarez et al, 2014;Lucia et al, 2015;Suzuki et al, 2015;Vivallo, 2015;Coelho et al, 2016). These are representatives of six families but especially Megachilidae (Wcislo et al, 2004;Michez et al, 2009;Hinojosa-Díaz et al, 2012;Lucia & Gonzalez, 2013;Alvarez et al, 2014;Coelho et al, 2016).…”

“…These are representatives of six families but especially Megachilidae (Wcislo et al, 2004;Michez et al, 2009;Hinojosa-Díaz et al, 2012;Lucia & Gonzalez, 2013;Alvarez et al, 2014;Coelho et al, 2016). In Apidae, most cases were recorded in Bombus Latreille, 1802 and Xylocopa Latreille, 1802, among the largest bees in the family (Michener, 2007;Michez et al, 2009).…”