First Report of Blue Mold Caused by Penicillium crustosum on Nectarine Fruit in Serbia

Abstract

Penicillium crustosum Thom. is a fungus commonly found on cheese and nuts, but is also a postharvest pathogen that causes blue mold disease of pome and stone fruits including plum and nectarine (Louw and Korsten 2016; Restuccia et al. 2006). The fungus produces mycotoxins (penitrem A, roquefortine C, terrestric acid, and cyclopenol) which are of concern for human health (Frisvad and Samson 2004). In Serbia, P. crustosum has been previously described on apple fruit (Vico et al. 2014). On nectarine fruit (Prunus persica var. nucipersica), after 6 weeks of cold storage, symptoms of blue mold developed in a fruit market in Belgrade, Serbia. The fruit was collected and isolations performed in November 2017. Decayed areas on infected fruit were soft, light to medium brown with blue-green sporulation on the fruit surface. Two isolates were obtained (N2AS and N2BS) and cultured on Czapek yeast autolysate agar (CYA), malt extract agar (MEA), yeast extract sucrose agar (YES) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C for 7 days. Isolates were identified as P. crustosum based on morphological features (Frisvad and Samson 2004; Pitt and Hocking 2009). On all media, mycelia were white and colonies turned blue-green with abundant sporulation. Colonies of both isolates were radially sulcate on MEA and YES, and plane with a granular texture on CYA and PDA, and were yellow to orange on the reverse side on YES. Mean colony diameter on PDA was 29.2 ± 1.2 mm for N2AS, and 31.3 ± 1.4 mm for N2BS; on CYA 30.8 ± 1.2 mm for N2AS and 30.9 ± 1.1 mm for N2BS; on YES 40.7 ± 3.6 mm for N2AS and 43.6 ± 1.4 mm for N2BS; and on MEA 33.4 ± 1.2 mm for N2AS and 34 ± 2.5 mm for N2BS. Crusts of conidial masses formed on MEA and PDA after 10 days. Conidiophores of both isolates were terverticillate, stipes were septate with rough walls, and conidia, borne in columns, were smooth and spherical to subglobose. Conidial diameter for N2AS was 2.32 to 3.95 (average 3.13) µm and for N2BS was 2.34 to 3.98 (average 3.27) µm (n=50). Isolates formed a yellow ring, using Ehrlich’s reagent, indicating lack of cyclopiazonic acid, but production of other alkaloids. Morphological identification was confirmed by isolating genomic DNA, PCR amplification of the partial β-tubulin gene using Bt2a/Bt2b (Glass and Donaldson 1995) and sequencing. BLAST analysis revealed that N2AS sequence (MT799805) was 99% similar and N2BS (MT799806) was identical to sequences AY674351 (strain CBS 101025) and KJ775121 (strain DTO_244H8) of P. crustosum in GenBank. Sequences (2X consensus) of the two isolates differed in one nucleotide showing the existence of single-nucleotide polymorphism among P. crustosum isolates. Pathogenicity was tested on nectarine, peach and apple fruit (four fruit per isolate and the control). Fruit were washed, surface-sanitized with 70% ethanol, and wound (10x4 mm) inoculated on two sides with 40 μl of a 105/ml conidial suspension in sterile distilled water containing 0.1% Tween 20 (TSDW). Control fruit was inoculated with TSDW. Inoculated and control fruit were stored at 25°C for 7 days. Inoculated fruit developed light brown decay with cracks in the epidermis that spread from the inoculation point on nectarines and peaches. Blue-green sporulation was present on all inoculated fruit. Control fruit remained symptomless. The fungus was re-isolated and was morphologically identical to the original isolates, thus completing Koch's postulates. This is the first report of P. crustosum causing postharvest blue mold decay on nectarine fruit in Serbia. Results show that P. crustosum is not only present as a postharvest pathogen of apple fruit, but of nectarine as well and may pose a threat in storage of both pome and stone fruits in Serbia. References: Frisvad, J. C. and Samson, R. A. 2004. Stud. Mycol. 49:1. Glass, N.L. and Donaldson, G. C. 1995. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 1323. Louw, J.P., and Korsten, L. 2016. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 146: 779. Pitt, J. I. and Hocking, A. D. 2009. Fungi and food spoilage, 239. Springer. Restuccia et al. 2006. J. Food Prot. 69: 2465. Vico, I., et al. 2014. Plant Dis. 98:1430. Acknowledgment: This research was supported by the project III46008, No. 451-03-68/2020-14/200116, financed by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia.

VOCs from fungi‐infected apples attract and increase the oviposition of yellow peach moth Conogethes punctiferalis

“…Experiments were carried out to identify RO and PC strains. The morphology of these two fungal strains, including the colony morphology and micro morphology, were the same as that described by Duduk et al 19 The homologies between each fungal strain and the existing ITS sequences in Genbank are up to 75%, indicating that the molecular analysis is consistent with morphological observation. The RO strain infection causes the typical symptom of Rhizopus rot disease with the rapid softening and disintegration of diseased tissues.…”

“…The RO strain infection causes the typical symptom of Rhizopus rot disease with the rapid softening and disintegration of diseased tissues 20 . The current study also describes the P. crustosum ‐infected apple with a medium‐brown decayed area and a sharp margin between the decayed and healthy areas 19 . The enlarging and darkening brown lesions caused by CG strain are the same as the typical symptom of apple bitter rot caused by C. gloeosporioides 21 .…”

“…20 The current study also describes the P. crustosum-infected apple with a medium-brown decayed area and a sharp margin between the decayed and healthy areas. 19 The enlarging and darkening brown lesions caused by CG strain are the same as the typical symptom of apple bitter rot caused by C. gloeosporioides. 21 Therefore, three isolates (RO, PC and CG strains) are confirmed as R. oryzae, P. crustosum, and C. gloeosporioides, which are important apple pathogens.…”