First report of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Portugal and in Europe

Abstract

A survey of aphelenchid nematodes (Nematoda: Aphelenchida) associated with maritime pine, Pinus pinaster, was conducted in Portugal in 1996 and 1999. A Bursaphelenchus species has been identified for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula. B. xylophilus is reported for the first time in Europe. It was found in very high numbers - up to 38 000 per 10 g of pine wood - inside a few declining trees infested with curculionid, cerambycid and scolytid beetles. Morphological observations, including shape of spicules, bursa, vulva, female tail end and stylet as well as morphometrics, were in accordance with the species description. Species-specific DNA fragment patterns were obtained using ITS-RFLP analysis, with five different restriction enzymes. The importance and implications of this finding are discussed. Premiere signalisation de Bursaphelenchus xylophilus au Portugal, at en Europe - Une enquete sur les nematodes Aphelenchides (Nematoda: Aphelenchida) associes au pin maritime (Pinus pinaster) a ete realisee au Portugal de 1996 a 1999. Une espece de Bursaphelenchus a ete identifiee pour la premiere fois dans la Peninsule Iberique. B. xylophilus est signale pour la premiere fois en Europe. Il a ete trouve en tres grand nombre - jusqu'a 38 000 individus pour 10 g de bois de pin - dans des arbres deperissants infestes par des Coleopteres Curculionides, Cerambycides et Scolytides. Les observations concernant la morphologie - en particulier la forme des spicules, la bourse, la vulve, l'extremite de la queue de la femelle et le stylet - de meme que les donnees morphometriques correspondent a la description de l'espece. Des sequences de fragments d'ADN specifique de l'espece ont ete obtenus par analyse ITS-RFLP a l'aide de cinq enzymes de restriction. L'importance et les implications de cette decouverte sont discutees.

Preliminary survey of the pinewood nematode in Turkey

“…The molecular analysis was performed following the methodology described in Cenis (1993) for DNA extraction, and the ITS-RFLP profiles were obtained following the methodology previously described in Hoyer et al . (1998) and Mota et al . (1999).…”

“…This nematode is the causal agent of pine wilt disease (Mota et al ., 1999) and is on the EPPO A1 list of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests. Following the detection of B. xylophilus in one of the member states of the European Union, specific measures to control and eradicate both the nematode and its insect vectors, Monochamus spp., from the affected area in Portugal were put into place in accordance with Directive 2001/219/EC.…”

Bioactivity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: Nematotoxics from essential oils, essential oils fractions and decoction waters

“…In 1999, Portugal became its entry point to the European pine forests (Mota et al, 1999). Since then, this phytoparasite has been progressing through the country, having been found in Madeira Island, in 2010 (Fonseca et al, 2012), and in Spain, in 2011 (Abelleira et al, 2011).…”

Pine Wilt Disease: A Threat to Pine Forests in Turkey?

“…For optical microscopic studies (Olympus BX50), nematodes were fixed with hot formalin (4%), processed to anhydrous glycerin and mounted in permanent slides according to the "express technique" described by Ryss (2003). The molecular analysis was performed following the methodology described in Cenis (1993) for DNA extraction, and the ITS-RFLP profiles were obtained following the methodology previously described (Hoyer et al, 1998;Mota et al, 1999).…”

“…Recently, the nematode was isolated from Pinus pinaster (maritime pine) wood in Portugal for the first time in Europe (Mota et al, 1999). The detection of this A1…”