First report of Echinococcus canadensis (G6/G7) by sequence analysis from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan

Khan, Aisha; Ahmed, Haroon; Khan, Huma Musarrat; Şimşek, Sami; Kilinc, Seyma Gunyakti; Kesik, Harun Kaya; Guan, Yalin; Çelik, Figen; Afzal, Muhammad Sohail; Budke, Christine M.

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105559

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In the present study, the gender-wise investigation of CE cases revealed females with a high proportion of cases compared to males. These findings are similar to previous studies [26,[30][31][32][33], where more females were infected than males, while they are in contrast with [34] and [14], where more males were infected than females. The present study outcomes toward females may be biased by gender inequalities in Pakistan (social restrictions or a ban to visit hospitals).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The majority of CE cases reported in the present study were Afghan immigrants as documented by a report from hospitals in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [14,37,38]. Moreover, these immigrants may also bring with them infected animals (e.g., dogs, livestock, and camels) into the country, especially in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which might have a major role in the transmission of CE in Pakistan [12,26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…In the past decades, few epidemiological studies on echinococcosis, like for other neglected tropical diseases, have been conducted in Pakistan, with human CE cases reported from the provinces of Punjab [11,12,24], Sindh [25], and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [26]. In addition, a recent review highlighted 1702 human CE cases in Pakistan reported between 2000 and 2020 [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Retrospective Cohort Study on Human Cystic Echinococcosis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (Pakistan) Based on 16 Years of Hospital Discharge Records

et al. 2022

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Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a worldwide-distributed parasitic zoonotic disease, which represents a threat for both human and animals. The current study aimed at estimating the prevalence of human CE in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province of Pakistan. Clinical records from four major hospitals in this region were reviewed for CE human cases during the period of 2006–2021. Out of 251 (0.00071%) CE patients identified during the considered period, 142 (56.6%) were females, and 109 (43.4%) were males. The highest number of CE cases was recorded in the 21–30 (27.9%) age group, followed by 31–40 (23.1%) and 41–50 (16.3%). Most of the CE patients in KPK province were members of the Afghani ethnic group (17.1%); secondarily, they were Pakistani (6.4%), while for 76.5% ethnicity data were not available. The liver (41%) and the lungs (4.8%) were the most infected organs identified among CE patients in KPK province. The present study identified CE as a significant public health problem in KPK province, and the current findings demonstrated a constant endemicity of CE during the last 15 years. Further filed studies on the active search of CE carriers by means of ultrasound population-based surveys are needed to fill knowledge gaps on clinical and molecular epidemiology of human CE in Pakistan.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Retrospective Cohort Study on Human Cystic Echinococcosis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (Pakistan) Based on 16 Years of Hospital Discharge Records

et al. 2022

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“…Albendazole drug appears to be commonly used, although primarily in association with surgery (Khan et al, 2020b). According to Khan et al, (2020c;2020d), albendazole is commonly recommended to all CE patients, while the combination of albendazole and praziquantel or albendazole and nitazoxanide is occasional prescribed (Bygott et al, 2009;Lötsch et al, 2016;Monge-Maillo et al, 2017). As of now, there does not appear to be a system in place to share best practices for treating CE in Pakistan.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demographics of cystic echinococcosis patients treated surgically in Lahore, Pakistan: A single centre study from 2007 – 2018

et al. 2021

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Summary Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus tapeworms. These parasites have a worldwide geographic distribution and pose a serious threat to livestock industry as well as human health in the endemic areas. CE is widely distributed in Pakistan. However, very few reports are available related to the regional transmission of E. granulosus. A retrospective analysis was conducted of surgically confirmed CE patients who were treated at Shoukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre in Lahore, Punjab Province, Pakistan from 2007 – 2018. In total, 536 CE patients were evaluated during the study period. Cases originated from the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (n=336), Punjab (n=147), Baluchistan (n=18), Sindh (n=3), Islamabad (n=2), Gilgit Baltistan (n=1), and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (n=1). An additional 28 cases were from Afghanistan. The highest number of CE cases was reported in 2013 (n=90). Females made up a larger proportion of cases (n=310; 57.8 %) than males (n=226; 42.2 %). Most patients were members of the Pashtun (n=197; 36.7 %), Hindku (n=142; 26.5 %), and Punjabi (n=118; 22.0 %) ethnic groups. The largest number of cysts was obtained from the liver (137/536; 25.6 %). This study showed that CE is likely present throughout Pakistan. In order to control the disease, a comprehensive control program and regional surveillance are needed.

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“…A limited number of studies have been carried out in the provinces of Sindh, Punjab, and KP, which reported G1 genotype as the most prevalent. At the same time, G3 and G6/G7 genotypes have also been reported [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. However, there has been no genotypes reported from Baluchistan province, which accounts for almost half of the sheep and 41% of the camel population of Pakistan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Cystic Echinococcosis in Rural Baluchistan, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study

et al. 2022

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Cystic echinococcosis (CE), or hydatid cyst disease (HCD), is a zoonosis of significant importance caused by the cestode of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s. l.) that affects mainly nomadic populations and has substantial economic consequences. Due to the 76% rural and nomadic population, Baluchistan is a highly endemic region in Pakistan for CE; however, it has not yet been investigated for CE. For this purpose, this study was carried out to investigate the molecular epidemiology of CE in this region. In total, 23 human hydatid cyst samples were collected from tertiary health care units in Baluchistan and processed for DNA extraction, which was then followed by sequencing of the cox1 mitochondrial gene of all 23 collected samples, genotyping, and phylogenetic and haplotype analysis. Most subjects were livestock owners (39.13%) in rural settings (73.91%). Most patients (73.19%) were pet owners (dogs) and used water from open sources for drinking. The liver was the most affected organ (52.17%), followed by the lungs (17.39%). Sequence analysis based on the cox1 gene revealed that EG genotype 1 (G1) was the most prevalent (56.52%), followed by G3 (34.78%), while some samples (8.7%) were identified as the Echinococcus canadensis (G6/7) genotype. A total of five haplotypes were detected with high haplotype diversity (0.80) and low nucleotide diversity (0.033). Phylogenetic analysis revealed two diverse sub-clades, each of G1 and G3 isolates from Baluchistan, that were evolutionarily related to previously reported G1 and G3 isolates from Pakistan and China. On the other hand, the G6/7 isolates of this study were evolutionarily identical to the already reported G6/7 isolates from Pakistan, Turkey, and Kazakhstan. This study concludes that diverse G1 and G3 EG isolates are present in this part of Pakistan, while the G6/G7 genotype was reported for the first time from Baluchistan.

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First report of Echinococcus canadensis (G6/G7) by sequence analysis from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan

Cited by 14 publications

References 45 publications

A Retrospective Cohort Study on Human Cystic Echinococcosis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (Pakistan) Based on 16 Years of Hospital Discharge Records

A Retrospective Cohort Study on Human Cystic Echinococcosis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (Pakistan) Based on 16 Years of Hospital Discharge Records

Demographics of cystic echinococcosis patients treated surgically in Lahore, Pakistan: A single centre study from 2007 – 2018

Molecular Epidemiology of Cystic Echinococcosis in Rural Baluchistan, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study

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