First Report of Human Infection with
            <i>Salmonella enterica</i>
            Serovar Apapa Resulting from Exposure to a Pet Lizard

Cooke, Fiona J.; Pinna, Elizabeth de; Maguire, C.; Guha, Simantee; Pickard, Derek; Farrington, M.; Threlfall, E. John

doi:10.1128/jcm.02475-08

Cited by 22 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Salmonella Apapa has previously been reported as a pathogen in pet reptileassociated human infections. 16,21, 41 Pees et al 41 recently demonstrated that most of the reptileassociated infections in children in Germany during 2010-2011 were not associated with the Salmonella serovars commonly related to human salmonellosis. Those authors concluded that, currently, no specific serovar seemed to be of particular zoonotic importance and, accordingly, that all Salmonella strains found in reptiles should be considered potentially infectious to children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We would add that, in this context, the rarely occurring serovars should not be overlooked. In addition to the S. e. enterica subspecies, S. e. houtenae, S. e. arizonae, S. e. diarizonae, and S. e. salamae have also been described as causative agents in human infections associated with direct or indirect contact with pet reptiles 1,16,19,21,48 Interestingly, in a Swiss study, Overesch et al 38 found that none of the isolates from snakes belonged to S. e. enterica and that most of the isolates from lizards also belonged to subspecies other than S. e. enterica, while most isolates from chelonians did belong to S. e. enterica. This is similar to the patterns found in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7-13 Cases of Salmonella infection associated with pet reptiles have also been reported in a number of European countries. 1,4,16,19,21,35,41,43 In an effort to reduce the number of pet reptile-associated infections in humans, some European countries have introduced systemic monitoring of the prevalence of Salmonella serovars from captive reptiles. 18 The European Union is the largest global importer of reptiles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PREVALENCE OFSALMONELLAIN CAPTIVE REPTILES FROM CROATIA

Lukač

Pedersen²,

Prukner‐Radovčić

2015

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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Salmonellosis transmitted by pet reptiles is an increasing public health issue worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella strains from captive reptiles in Croatia. From November 2009 to November 2011 a total of 292 skin, pharyngeal, cloacal, and fecal samples from 200 apparently healthy reptiles were tested for Salmonella excretions by bacteriologic culture and serotyping. These 200 individual reptiles included 31 lizards, 79 chelonians, and 90 snakes belonging to private owners or housed at the Zagreb Zoo, Croatia. Salmonella was detected in a total of 13% of the animals, among them 48.4% lizards, 8.9% snakes, and 3.8% turtles. Representatives of five of the six Salmonella enterica subspecies were identified with the following proportions in the total number of isolates: Salmonella enterica enterica 34.6%, Salmonella enterica houtenae 23.1%, Salmonella enterica arizonae 23.1%, Salmonella enterica diarizonae 15.4%, and Salmonella enterica salamae 3.8%. The 14 different serovars isolated included several rarely occurring serovars such as Salmonella Apapa, Salmonella Halle, Salmonella Kisarawe, and Salmonella Potengi. These findings confirm that the prevalence of Salmonella is considerable in captive reptiles in Croatia, indicating that these animals may harbor serovars not commonly seen in veterinary or human microbiologic practice. This should be addressed in the prevention and diagnostics of human reptile-transmitted infections.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PREVALENCE OFSALMONELLAIN CAPTIVE REPTILES FROM CROATIA

Lukač

Pedersen²,

Prukner‐Radovčić

2015

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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“…Serotype Adelaide has been cultured from poultry, Rubislaw has been found in food products ranging from black pepper to meat and fish, and Oslo appears most common in humans, but has also been detected in cockroaches (Chmel and Armstrong 1976;Onderka and Finlayson 1985;Devi and Murray 1991;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2008). Serotypes Houten, Apapa, and Salmonella enterica subspecies arizonae are more commonly associated with reptiles, but have been reported to cause salmonellosis in humans (Sanyal et al 1997;Woodard et al 1997;Willis et al 2002;Cooke et al 2009;Haase et al 2011). Many reptile-associated serotypes reported in previous cases of human salmonellosis in the U.S. were not identified in this study, including Salmonella serotypes Nima, Paona, Sandiego, St. Paul, Tennessee, Typhimurium, IV 44:z 4 z 23 :-, and IV 48:g,z 51 :-(formerly S. Marina) (Mermin et al 1997;Levy et al 1999;Reporter et al 2003;Weiss et al 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SalmonellaIsolates from Wild-Caught Tokay Geckos (Gekko gecko) Imported to the U.S. from Indonesia

Smith

Yabsley

Sánchez

et al. 2012

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Reptiles account for ∼10% of live animal shipments imported to the United States (U.S.), the majority of which are sold in the pet trade. Characterizing Salmonella shedding by imported reptiles is of value to public health, the pet industry, and veterinary medicine. Here we report results of a pilot survey of Salmonella serotypes isolated from wild-caught Indonesian Tokay geckos (Gekko gecko) imported to the U.S. Upon arrival, the geckos were individually housed until a fecal sample was acquired for Salmonella culture. The geckos were divided into three groups with variable numbers to investigate density effects. A second group was imported after 3 months and combined with the previous groups. A total of 88 Salmonella isolates were obtained from 110 geckos surveyed, representing 14 serogroups and 17 unique serotypes. Group prevalence ranged from 31-73%. A significant increase in prevalence and a change in serotype richness were detected between the time of import and 6 months later at necropsy. Six isolates (6.8%) expressed resistance to more than one antibiotic. All S. enterica subsp. enterica Adelaide isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and sulfisoxazole, one S. enterica subsp. arizonae 61:k:z35 isolate was resistant to ampicillin and sulfisoxazole, and another 61:k:z35 isolate was resistant to streptomycin and sulfisoxazole. Forty-three additional isolates expressed resistance only to sulfisoxazole. The mechanisms for increased prevalence and apparent change in serotype richness are unknown, but could be due to stress associated with trade, transport, and captivity, increased transmission from unnaturally high densities, or contact with other species shedding Salmonella along the trade route. Future studies to differentiate the physical, social, and physiological effects of trade-related conditions on Salmonella shedding and transmission among reptiles will benefit the industry by identifying ways to reduce mortality, and safeguard the individuals handling animals along the transport chain and other species encountered en route.

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“…Reptiles are often asymptomatic carriers of some important pathogenic bacteria [3][4][5]. In particular, several studies showed that cold-blooded animals are direct or indirect source of salmonellae in human infection outbreaks [6][7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella infection in healthy pet reptiles: Bacteriological isolation and study of some pathogenic characters

Bertelloni¹,

Chemaly²,

Cerri³

et al. 2016

Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica

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The fecal samples from 213 captive reptiles were examined, and 29 (13.61%) Salmonella enterica isolates were detected: 14/62 (22.58%) from chelonians, 14/135 (10.37%) from saurians, and 1/16 (6.25%) from ophidians. The isolates were distributed among 14 different serotypes: Miami, Ebrie, Hermannsweder, Tiergarten, Tornov, Pomona, Poona, Goteborg, Abaetetube, Nyanza, Kumasi, Typhimurium, 50:b:z 6 , 9,12:z 29 :1,5, and a non-motile serotype with antigenic formula 1,4,[5],12:-:-. Salmonella typhimurium and 50:b:z 6 isolates showed the spv plasmid virulence genes, responsible of the capability to induce extra-intestinal infections. In some cases, pulsed field gel electrophoresis revealed different profiles for the strains of the same serotypes, showing different origins, whereas a common source of infection was supposed when one pulsotype had been observed for isolates of a serovar. Twentyseven (93.10%) isolates showed resistance to one or more antibiotics. Ceftazidime was active to all the tested isolates, whereas the highest percentages of strains were no susceptible to tigecycline (93.10%), streptomycin (89.66%), and sulfonamide (86.21%).

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First Report of Human Infection with Salmonella enterica Serovar Apapa Resulting from Exposure to a Pet Lizard

Cited by 22 publications

References 10 publications

PREVALENCE OFSALMONELLAIN CAPTIVE REPTILES FROM CROATIA

PREVALENCE OFSALMONELLAIN CAPTIVE REPTILES FROM CROATIA

SalmonellaIsolates from Wild-Caught Tokay Geckos (Gekko gecko) Imported to the U.S. from Indonesia

Salmonella infection in healthy pet reptiles: Bacteriological isolation and study of some pathogenic characters

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