First Report of Maize chlorotic mottle virus and Maize Lethal Necrosis in Kenya

Abstract

In September 2011, a high incidence of a new maize (Zea mays L.) disease was reported at lower elevations (1,900 m asl) in the Longisa division of Bomet County, Southern Rift Valley, Kenya. The disease later spread to the Narok South and North and Naivasha Districts. By March 2012, the disease was reported at up to 2,100 m asl. Diseased plants had symptoms characteristic of virus diseases: a chlorotic mottle on leaves, developing from the base of young whorl leaves upward to the leaf tips; mild to severe leaf mottling; and necrosis developing from leaf margins to the mid-rib. Necrosis of young leaves led to a “dead heart” symptom, and plant death. Severely affected plants had small cobs with little or no grain set. Plants frequently died before tasseling. All maize varieties grown in the affected areas had similar symptoms. In these regions, maize is grown continuously throughout the year, with the main planting season starting in November. Maize streak virus was present, but incidence was low (data not shown). Infected plants were distributed throughout affected fields, with heavier infection along field edges. High thrips (Frankliniella williamsi Hood) populations were present in sampled fields, but populations of other potential disease vectors, such as aphids and leafhoppers, were low. Because of the high thrips populations and foliar symptoms, symptomatic plants were tested for the presence of Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) (3) using tissue blot immunoassay (TBIA) (1). Of 17 symptomatic leaf samples from each Bomet and Naivasha, nine from Bomet and all 17 from Naivasha were positive for MCMV. However, the observed symptoms were more severe than commonly associated with MCMV, suggesting the presence of maize lethal necrosis (MLN), a disease that results from maize infection with both MCMV and a potyvirus (4). Therefore, samples were tested for the presence of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), which is present in Kenya (2). Twenty-seven samples were positive for SCMV by TBIA, and 23 of 34 samples were infected with both viruses. Virus identities were verified with reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR (Access RT-PCR, Promega) and MCMV or SCMV-specific primers. MCMV primers (2681F: 5′-ATGAGAGCAGTTGGGGAATGCG and 3226R: 5′-CGAATCTACACACACACACTCCAGC) amplified the expected 550-bp product from three leaf samples. Amplicon sequences were identical, and had 95 to 98% identity with MCMV sequences in GenBank. SCMV primers (8679F: 5′-GCAATGTCGAAGAAAATGCG) and 9595R: 5′-GTCTCTCACCAAGAGACTCGCAGC) amplified the expected 900-bp product from four leaf samples. Amplicon sequences had 96 to 98% identity, and were 88 to 96% identical with SCMV sequences in GenBank. To our knowledge, this is the first report of MCMV and of maize coinfection with MCMV and SCMV associated with MLN in Kenya and Africa. MLN is a serious threat to farmers in the affected areas, who are experiencing extensive to complete crop loss. References: (1) P. G. S. Chang et al. J. Virol. Meth. 171:345, 2011. (2) Delgadillo Sanchez et al. Rev. Mex. Fitopat. 5:21, 1987. (3) Jiang et al., Crop Prot. 11:248, 1992. (4) R. Louie, Plant Dis. 64:944, 1980.

Genetic analysis of tropical maize inbred lines for resistance to maize lethal necrosis disease

“…MLN has also been reported in Rwanda (Adams et al 2014) and Democratic Republic of Congo (Lukanda et al 2014). Similar symptoms on maize have been reported from Uganda and Tanzania (Wangai et al 2012).…”

“…MLN was first reported in Kenya in 2011 in the Rift Valley and has subsequently spread to different maize agro ecologies where it is causing considerable losses (Wangai et al 2012). SCMV was reported several years ago in Kenya (Louie 1980) and South Africa (Handley et al 1998), but MCMV is new to Africa.…”

“…If a maize field is infected early in the cropping cycle, complete yield loss may occur (Uyemoto 1983;Wangai et al 2012). The USDA Foreign Agricultural Service estimates yield losses in Kenya as high as 10% for the 2014/15 marketing season amounting to over US$50 million (USDA 2014).…”

Status of maize lethal necrosis in eastern Uganda

“…A great section of farmers (23.3%) reported using home saved seed for planting, which presents a big risk of MLN infection. According to Wangai et al (2012), farmers should plant certified seed only instead of recycling seed. Sensitization programmes, however, need to be intensified since over 70% of farmers reported having no information on MLN.…”

Estimation of heterosis and combining ability in maize (Zea mays L.) for maize lethal necrosis (MLN) disease

“…Currently the outbreak (MLN) disease has been a serious threat for maize production in Tanzania and other East African countries (Wangai et al, 2012). According to the survey conducted by CIMMYT in 2012, potential yield loss of more than 60% was reported in the affected areas.…”