First Report of Maize Stalk Rot Caused by Epicoccum latusicollum on Maize (Zea mays) in China

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important crop in Heilongjiang province. In July 2021, maize stalk rot was observed on approximately 10% of maize in a 2.4 ha field of Xiangfang District, Harbin City (N45°44'23″, E126°43'19″). Infected plants showed softening of the stalks at the lower internodes, and the pith tissue was disintegrated and brown to reddish. Fifteen symptomatic plants were collected from the field. The discolored stalk pith tissues were cut into small pieces (4 × 2 mm), superficially disinfected with 1% NaClO for 3 min, 70% ethanol for 10 s, and then washed three times with sterile distilled water. The disinfected tissues were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with streptomycin sulfate (50 mg/L) and incubated at 25°C for 1 week. Twenty-one cultures were obtained using hyphal tip technology and cultured on PDA for 7 days at 25°C for morphological and molecular analyses. The mycelia of the cultures were initially white but became grayish with time, and reddish-brown diffusible pigments were produced. A dark green discoloration was produced on malt extract agar (MEA) using the NaOH spot test (REF). Pycnidia were brown, predominantly spheroidal, and measured 80.1 to 130.2 × 110.5 to 220.6 μm. Conidia were ellipse, aseptate, and in a size range of 4.3 to 6.8 × 2.1 to 3.2 μm. The isolates were initially identified as Epicoccum latusicollum based on morphological features (Chen et al. 2017). To confirm the identity of E. latusicollum, primers TUB2Fd/TUB4Rd, LR0R/LR5, ITS1/ITS4 and RPB2-5F2/fRPB2-7cR (Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018) were used to amplify beta tubulin (tub2), nuclear large subunit rDNA (LSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and RPB2 genes, respectively for the representative isolate JF3. These sequences were deposited in GenBank (GenBank accession no. OK490498, OK445527, OK483136, and OK490497) and had 100% (276/276 bp), 100% (842/842 bp), 100% (501/501 bp), and 100% (589/589 bp) nucleotide identity with E. latusicollum isolate GZDS2018BXT010 (GenBank accession no. MK516208, MK516207, MK516206, and MK852278). To fulfill Koch’s postulates, pathogenicity tests for all isolates were performed by individually inoculating surface-disinfected stalks of five healthy maize plants (10-leaf stage) between the 2nd and 3rd stem nodes with 20 μL conidial suspension at a concentration of 106 conidia/mL as described by Zhang et al. (2016). Five other healthy surface-disinfected maize plants inoculated with sterile distilled water served as control. All plants were kept at 25 ± 0.5°C in a greenhouse with a photoperiod of 12 h and approximately 90% relative humidity. After 10 days, all inoculated plants showed symptoms that were similar to those of the infected maize plants observed in the field, whereas the control plants were asymptomatic. The Epicoccum isoaltes were re-isolated from symptomatic plants, and species identification was performed using the morphological and molecular methods described above. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. latusicollum causing maize stalk rot in China, and this report will assist with monitoring distribution of the disease and developing management recommendations.

Didymellaceae species associated with tea plant (Camellia sinensis) in China

“…It was first discovered from Acer palmatum ( Aceraceae ), Camellia sinensis ( Theaceae ), Podocarpus macrophyllus ( Podocarpaceae ) and Vitex negundo ( Verbenaceae ) ( Chen et al 2017 ). As a phytopathogen, it can cause leaf spot, leaf blight and stalk rot on many plants ( Xu et al 2022 ; Li et al 2023 ; Wang et al 2023 ). In the present study, three strains were isolated from healthy tea plant leaves.…”

Detection, characterization, and management of plant pathogens

“…This information can be useful in developing new strategies for disease control and management, as well as enhancing crop productivity and quality. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a commercial leafy annual solanaceous plant grown for its leaves (Chen et al, 2020), and is widely cultivated in Guizhou, China, with an average annual cultivation area of over 120,000 hectares in the past 5 years (Yan et al, 2021). It is a significant source of income for farmers and enriches the local agricultural industry (Yan et al, 2016).…”

“…Subsequent studies by Chen et al (2017) refined the taxonomy of Epicoccum and introduced additional species, including E. latusicollum, E. viticis, and E. duchesneae, using molecular markers and phylogenetic analysis and the pathogenesis of E. latusicollum is poorly understood. It has been reported to infect various commercial crops, such as Dioscorea sativa (Han et al, 2019), Zea mays (Xu et al, 2022), and Elaeagnus pungens (Qi et al, 2021), as well as Nicotiana tabacum, preliminarily explore the pathogen and biological characteristics on tobacco (He et al, 2022). Current research on E. latusicollum has focused primarily on its occurrence and identification, with less attention paid to its biological characteristics.…”

Screening for broad-spectrum antimicrobial endophytes from Rosa roxburghii and multi-omic analyses of biosynthetic capacity

“…terrestris HGUP190028. Epicoccum latusicollum has been reported to be capable of causing several plant diseases, including leaf spots on tobacco and Elaeagnus pungens ( Guo et al., 2021 ; Qi et al., 2021 ), stalk rot on maize ( Zea mays L.) ( Xu et al., 2022 ), and root rot on Nicotiana tabacum ( Gai et al., 2020 ). In this work, this species is first reported as an endophytic fungus with antimicrobial activity and is a new host record from R. roxburghii .…”