First Report of the Emergence of CTX-M-Type Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) as the Predominant ESBL Isolated in a U.S. Health Care System

Abstract

Subsequent to the publication of our article, it was recognized that some details of our PCR and sequencing procedures were not thoroughly described. Page 4016, column 1: Lines 17-30 should read as follows. "Amplicons to be sequenced (high-fidelity PCRs) were prepared using Triple Master Taq polymerase (Eppendorf, Westbury, NY) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The high-fidelity PCRs consisted of a final concentration of 2.5 units of Taq polymerase, 5 l of the template DNA, 200 nM of each primer, 200 M dNTP, 1ϫ buffer with magnesium, and distilled water to achieve a final volume of 50 l. Screening PCRs (nonsequenced) were prepared with Taq polymerase from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA) using component concentrations recommended by the manufacturer for the basic PCR protocol. Reactions were run in an MJ mini thermocycler (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA), using a basic cycling program of 94°C for 2 min (first cycle only), 94°C for 15 s, the primer-specific annealing temperature (see references from Table 1) for 30 s, 72°C for 30 s (30 cycles), and 72°C for 3 min. The primers are shown in Table 1 and were synthesized at the Advanced Nucleic Acids Core Facility at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. The primers for CTX-M group 3 were redesigned (CTX-M8.WSAgroupIII.F and CTX-M8.WSAgroupIII.R; annealing temperature, 65°C) using sequences from GenBank (accession numbers X92506, AF189721, X92507, and AF252622)." Page 4016, column 2: Lines 4-13 should read as follows. "The predicted PCR product was a 540-bp intragenic fragment of bla OXA-1. PCRs were performed in a DNA thermal cycler (Eppendorf) and prepared as described above using Triple Master Taq polymerase (Eppendorf). Thirty-five cycles were performed for each reaction using the following temperature profile: 94°C for 1 min, 57°C for 1 min, and 72°C for 1 min. All PCR products from the isolates were sequenced. The sequence of the bla OXA-30 gene was deposited under Genbank accession number AF255921.

Nosocomial infection and characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamases-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Northeast Brazil

“…A high occurrence of CTX-M-type ESBLs in E. coli has also been reported in recent studies 16,30,34,35 . However, the same was not observed for K. pneumoniae, as prevalence rates of 14.8% and 15.8% were reported in studies conducted in France 16 and Norway 35 , respectively.…”

“…The frequency of the bla CTX-M gene was 90.4% (104/115). Other researchers also reported high prevalence rates of 92% 33 , 82% 14 , 72% 34 and 70% 10 . The frequency of the bla TEM was 75% (86/115), which resembles the results of the studies conducted in Sweden and Brazil 10,33 .…”

Liver Abscess Caused by CTX-M-55-type Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing <i>Salmonella enteritidis</i>

“…Lewis et al found that the most common CTX-M-type ESBL was CTX-M-15 in a U.S. health care system (San Antonio, USA) (16). In their report, CTX-M enzymes increased in prevalence from 25% in 2000 to 70% in 2006 among the collected ESBL-producing isolates.…”

“…CTX-M-type β-lactamase is one of the most common ESBLs (15) and was reported to be the predominant ESBL among Enterobacteriaceae isolates (16,17). Lewis et al found that the most common CTX-M-type ESBL was CTX-M-15 in a U.S. health care system (San Antonio, USA) (16).…”

Ventriculitis Associated with Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae after Acupuncture

“…Indeed a recent report draws attention to the emergence of CTX-M types in a US health care system [22].…”