First report of the unique expression of RECAF (receptor for alfa feto-protein) in adult B-NHL/CLL patients

Sedky, Hebatallah Adel; Youssef, Soha R.; Gamal, Doaa Ahmad; Houssein, Heba Fawzy; Elsalakawy, Walaa

doi:10.5045/br.2020.2020070

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…MDSCs are directly activated by AFP [52], and AFP influence MDSCs differentiation [53]. The unique 65-kDa AFPR discovered earlier [54] is widespread [55] but remains uncharacterized. AFPR was found on cells of the majority of cancers [27], which in some ways revert to the embryo state.…”

Section: Figure 1 Mdsc Inhibits T and Nk Cells Directly And Indirectl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Alpha-Fetoprotein Binds Toxins and Can Be Used to Treat Cancer

Pak¹

2022

MRAJ

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The inefficiency of the immune system to kill cancer cells leads to the disease. Like in pregnancy, oncofetal proteins counteract the immune attack. Alpha-fetoprotein is an immunosuppressive protein generated by the embryo and in insignificant amounts by adults. It delivers nutrients to embryo cells and to the monocytes that suppress both innate and adaptive immunity during pregnancy and cancer. The small subpopulation of suppressor monocytes and cancer cells absorb the alpha-fetoprotein-nutrient complex through the specific receptor that is mostly absent in normal adult cells. It comes out that suppressor monocytes are the main targets in cancer prophylactic or treatment, not cancer cells. By delivering toxins instead of nutrients alpha-fetoprotein kills suppressor monocytes canceling immune suppression, as well as killing cancer cells directly. It is the perfect synergy of the most powerful cancer immunotherapy with targeted chemotherapy. Alpha-fetoprotein chemical conjugates, as well as the complexes of this oncofetal protein with binding toxins, have shown promising results in cancer treatments. Oral porcine alpha-fetoprotein complexes with toxins can prevent and/or treat cancer, although their immunotherapy mechanism of action is undiscovered.

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Section: Figure 1 Mdsc Inhibits T and Nk Cells Directly And Indirectl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Alpha-Fetoprotein Binds Toxins and Can Be Used to Treat Cancer

Pak¹

2022

MRAJ

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“…Unlike AFP, which was the first clinical oncomarker discovered by Dr. Abelev and Dr. Tatarinov, AFPR should be considered the #1 oncomarker. AFPR is not universal oncomarker, but it was found in most liquid and solid cancers [22][23][24]. Due to the AFPR absence in healthy cells, AFP have been used for the toxins targeted delivery to cancer cells [18].…”

Section: Cancer Therapy and Oncology International Journalmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Perfect Combination of the Most Powerful Cancer Immunotherapy with the Best Targeted Chemotherapy

Pak¹

2022

CTOIJ

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Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. There are cancer treatments like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy. A combination of therapies can lead to a cancer cure. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) activity prevents the success of many immune-and chemotherapies. MDSCs depletion prevails over other cancer immunotherapies because it activates both innate and adaptive immunity. On the other hand, the best-targeted chemotherapy specifically kills cancer cells, including cancer stem ones that are at the roots of metastases leading to 90% of deaths of cancer. The low differentiated MDSCs, cancer stem cells, and most cancers absorb alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) loaded with nutrients through AFP receptor (AFPR)-mediated endocytosis. So, the AFP-toxin drug is targeted chemotherapy that hits simultaneously to MDSCs and cancer cells. In my opinion, it is the perfect combination of the most powerful cancer immunotherapy and the best-targeted chemotherapy. For example, the AFP-maytansine conjugate demonstrated 100% survival in tumor-bearing T cell-deficient mice.

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“…[1][2][3] AFPR is a glycosylated protein, it is maximally expressed in immature, undifferentiated fetal cells and tissues, as well as in most cancer cells. 4 A putative 65 kDa AFPR was isolated 5 , although it remains uncharacterized. The AFP theme is wellcovered in the literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alpha-Fetoprotein: A Revolutionary Anti-Cancer Drug

Pak¹

2023

MRAJ

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Alpha-fetoprotein is an oncofetal protein the embryo produces during fetal development. The protein serves two critical functions simultaneously: it delivers nutrients to growing embryo cells and immature myeloid-derived suppressor cells, so the mother’s immune system doesn’t attack the embryo. The protein is present in minuscule amounts in adults and elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels serve as pregnancy or tumor markers. Exogenous alpha-fetoprotein has a new application as an immunotherapy drug. It can deliver drugs in a natural shuttle manner to myeloid-derived suppressor cells and stimulate them to calm the hyperactive immune response during many physiological and pathological conditions. On the other hand, alpha-fetoprotein loaded with toxins kills myeloid-derived suppressor cells and unleashes natural killer cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes to erase cancer. Most cancers have cells that specifically bind alpha-fetoprotein, and this protein targets chemotherapy to them also. So, alpha-fetoprotein with toxins combines both potent cancer immunotherapy and targeted chemotherapy activities. Alpha-fetoprotein can be chemically conjugated with or bind toxins non-covalently. Both preparations have demonstrated superior efficacy and safety compared to chemotherapy alone. Alpha-fetoprotein-toxin immuno/chemotherapy is not personalized. There is no need to preselect patients for cancer treatments as they have elevated myeloid-derived suppressor cell levels. The anti-cancer efficacy of porcine alpha-fetoprotein non-covalent complexes with selected toxins administered orally is a remarkable discovery that needs research. Cancer treatment and prevention are different issues, and they could need different approaches. Alpha-fetoprotein administration with drugs or toxins could be as effective in early cancer and metastasis prevention as mifepristone pills in pregnancy prevention.

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First report of the unique expression of RECAF (receptor for alfa feto-protein) in adult B-NHL/CLL patients

Cited by 5 publications

References 22 publications

Alpha-Fetoprotein Binds Toxins and Can Be Used to Treat Cancer

Alpha-Fetoprotein Binds Toxins and Can Be Used to Treat Cancer

The Perfect Combination of the Most Powerful Cancer Immunotherapy with the Best Targeted Chemotherapy

Alpha-Fetoprotein: A Revolutionary Anti-Cancer Drug

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