First Report of Three kinds of Mycotoxins Dioxynivalenol, Nivalenol and Fumonisin B2 in Seeds of Seven Wheat Cultivars in Iraq.

Abstract

<jats:p> This study was conducted to detect and quantify three mycotoxins Dioxynivalenol, Nivalenol and Fumonisin B2 in seeds of seven wheat cultivars planted in 17 wheat fields in Basra province, Iraq. This was done by using High Performance Liquid chromatographs analysis. The results revealed that Fumonisin B2 was the predominant mycotoxin, which present in 10 fields. The lowest concentration rate of this mycotoxin was 110 µg/Kg and the maximum was 11,228 µg/Kg. Dioxynivalenol as a trichothecene was in the second level detected in 6 fields with a minimum concentration of 8 µg/Kg and a maximum of 1,060 µg/Kg. Nivalenol was found only in 4 fields ranging from 272-1900 µg/Kg. Fumonisin B2 Only three fields showed co-occurrence of two mycotoxins (Fumonisin B2 and Nivalenol) in each, but with various concentration rates. The seven cultivars tested in this study were varied in their reactions to subjected mycotoxins. Adana 99 (A. 99) cultivar showed the highest concentration rate of both Fumonisin B2 and Nivalenol, which present with average percentage of 64% and 58% respectively. While, for Dioxynivalenol, Ebaa 99 (E.99) was on the top, it occurred in 6 fields ranging from 8-1060 µg/Kg with an average percentage of 43%. </jats:p>

Ultraviolet C and Ozone Application for Detoxification of Aflatoxin B1, Ochratoxin A, and Fumonisin B1 in Poultry Feeds

“…Mycotoxigenic molds that exist throughout the environment may infect human foods and animal feeds, especially crops, resulting in mycotoxins entering the food chain [1][2][3]. Mycotoxins encompass a wide range of secondary toxic metabolites produced by molds in various food and feed ingredients during pre-and post-harvest periods.…”

Plasma-activated water application for detoxification of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and fumonisin B1 in poultry feeds

“…Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and fumonisin B1 (FB1), the secondary metabolites produced by different species of mycotoxigenic molds, were categorized within the most commonly encountered mycotoxins that constitute a great concern to human and animal health due to their toxigenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects in addition to their economic impacts ( Majeed and Khammas, 2010 ; Abbas et al ., 2012 ; Jawad and Alwan, 2020 ; Awuchi et al ., 2021 ). Mycotoxigenic molds exist throughout the environment, so, mycotoxins enter the food chain as a result to mold infection for human foods and animal feeds, especially crops ( Ashiq, 2015 ; Khalifa et al ., 2017 ; Mohamed and Al-Shamary, 2022 ; Minati and Mohammed-Ameen, 2023 ). Contamination of feeds with mycotoxins represents a major risk to animal health, in addition to their serious health threats to humans subjected to these mycotoxins indirectly through consuming foods of animal origin obtained from animals fed on contaminated feeds ( Awuchi et al ., 2021 ).…”