First report of typhlitis/typhlohepatitis caused by<i>Tetratrichomonas gallinarum</i>in three duck species

Richter, Barbara; Schulze, Christoph; Kämmerling, Jens; Mostegl, Meike M.; Weissenböck, Herbert

doi:10.1080/03079457.2010.518137

Cited by 25 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The parasite proved very hard to visualize in the different organs without insitu hybridization, explaining the absence of identifiable T. gallinarum in our HE-stained sections (Amin et al, 2011). This is in strong contrast with the presence of numerous T. gallinarum protozoa easily visible in HE-stained sections of caecal and hepatic lesions in ducks and a pelican (Richter et al, 2010;Burns et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Granuloma disease in flocks of productive layers caused by Tetratrichomonas gallinarum

et al. 2016

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In 2013, seven outbreaks of granuloma disease occurred in Dutch flocks of productive layers housed on different farms. These outbreaks were characterized by increased mortality and high incidence of granulomas, mainly in caeca (340/408 hens = 83%) and livers (69/408 hens = 17%). Mortality started to increase between 21 and 35 weeks of age and reached 3.7% to 11.0% exceeding the breeder's norm in periods ranging from 9 to 48 weeks. Some flocks also showed decreased egg production and/or loss of mean egg weight. All affected flocks were linked to one rearing farm, which therefore seemed to be the source of the disease. However, no signs of disease had been observed at this rearing farm. Sentinel hens placed in one of the affected flocks to determine whether the disease had an infectious nature developed granulomas identical to those seen in the outbreaks. Next, by fulfilling Koch's postulates it was shown that Tetratrichomonas gallinarum was the aetiological agent of the granuloma disease. The condition was reproduced in mature specified pathogen free White Leghorn hens (GD - Animal Health, Deventer, the Netherlands) by inoculation via both an artificial and a natural route with a well-defined axenic T. gallinarum isolate obtained from one of the affected flocks. Other causes of granuloma disease were excluded.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Granuloma disease in flocks of productive layers caused by Tetratrichomonas gallinarum

et al. 2016

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“…This suggestion disagreed with the findings of Tyzzer (1920Tyzzer ( , 1934, who already proved that H. meleagridis was the true aetiologic agent of such an infection. Another recent study also reported the pathogenic potential of T. gallinarum in ducks suffering from acute typhlohepatitis (Richter et al 2010). Although the infected chickens appeared healthy, a loss of microvilli and reduction of glycocalyx with complete loss of the polysaccharide matrix was noticed.…”

Section: Tetratrichomonas Gallinarummentioning

confidence: 83%

Trichomonads in birds – a review

et al. 2014

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Members of the family Trichomonadidae, mainly Trichomonas gallinae and Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, represent important parasites in birds with worldwide presence, since being reported in the 19th century. Especially Columbiformes, Falconiformes and Strigiformes can be severely affected by trichomonads, whereas the majority of infections in Galliformes and Anatiformes are subclinical although severe infections are occasionally reported. With the recent appearance of deadly infections in wild Passeriformes the protozoan parasite T. gallinae obtained greater attention which will be addressed in this review. Although light microscopy remains the method of choice to confirm the presence of trichomonads molecular studies were introduced in recent years, in order to characterize the parasites and to establish relationships between isolates. Isolation of trichomonads is a prerequisite for detailed in vitro and in vivo studies and different media are reported to obtain suitable material. The limited information about virulence factors will be reviewed in context with the pathogenicity of trichomonads which varies greatly, indicating certain strain heterogeneity of the parasites. Options for treatment characterized by the leading role of imidazoles whose activity is sometimes hampered by resistant parasites remains a challenge for the future. Introducing more standardized genetic studies and investigations concentrating on the host-pathogen interaction should be helpful to elucidate virulence factors which might lead to new concepts of treatment.

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“…The presence of species subclinically infected with T. gallinarum was recently proposed as a possible source of infection of fatally affected sea ducks in a zoological park. 20 The death of the Waldrapp ibis described herein appears to have been a sporadic case of tetratrichomoniasis, likely associated with prior debilitation of the bird. Transmission from an in-contact species cannot be proven, but further studies are warranted to advise appropriate housing of this critically endangered species.…”

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confidence: 85%

Fatal hepatic tetratrichomoniasis in a juvenile Waldrapp ibis (Geronticus eremita)

et al. 2013

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Waldrapp ibis (Geronticus eremita) are a critically endangered species, and there are currently more birds in captivity than in the wild. A juvenile, male Waldrapp ibis housed in a mixed-species exhibit was found dead with no premonitory signs. Necropsy revealed extensive necrotizing hepatitis associated with numerous pleomorphic protozoa that were immunohistochemically reactive with antibodies raised against Tritrichomonas foetus, a parasite of cattle. Electron microscopy confirmed the organisms as members of family Trichomonadidae, and sequence analysis of the first ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1), 5.8S ribosomal RNA, and ITS2 regions indicated high genetic similarity (96-97%) to members of the Tetratrichomonas gallinarum complex. The animal was born in captivity, and no introductions in this exhibit had occurred since 2009. Other Waldrapp ibis that had contact with the infected male were negative for flagellate infections by fecal examination, thus cross-species transmission is proposed as the source of infection. The host range of the T. gallinarum complex is very large and although the pathogenicity of its members, especially for wild birds, is controversial, these parasites should be considered as a possible cause of acute mortality in Waldrapp ibis. In addition, immunohistochemistry with T. foetus antibodies and molecular diagnostics may be useful tools for preventative veterinary care of endangered bird populations. A greater understanding of the ecology and pathogenesis of this pathogen may also be vital for screening subclinical captive populations and existing wild populations prior to reintroduction efforts.

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First report of typhlitis/typhlohepatitis caused byTetratrichomonas gallinarumin three duck species

Cited by 25 publications

References 14 publications

Granuloma disease in flocks of productive layers caused by Tetratrichomonas gallinarum

Granuloma disease in flocks of productive layers caused by Tetratrichomonas gallinarum

Trichomonads in birds – a review

Fatal hepatic tetratrichomoniasis in a juvenile Waldrapp ibis (Geronticus eremita)

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