“…Since then, it has colonized marine communities throughout the entire Mediterranean basin (Piazzi et al, 2005;Klein and Verlaque, 2008), where it can exert strong detrimental effects on native communities (Piazzi et al, 2001;Klein and Verlaque, 2008;Bulleri et al, 2016Bulleri et al, , 2017. However, despite its rampant success, several C. cylindracea meadows have suffered sudden steep declines in abundance some years after the onset of the invasion (Klein and Verlaque, 2008;García et al, 2016;Santamaría et al, 2021), which may indicate the existence of certain resistance mechanisms against this invasive species. Among these, herbivory on C. cylindracea has been described and assessed mainly in relation to the strictly herbivorous species present in the Mediterranean Sea, such as the fishes Sarpa salpa and Siganus luridus (Azzurro et al, 2004;Ruitton et al, 2006;Tomas et al, 2011b;Santamaría et al, 2021), and the sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus, Sphaerechinus granularis and Arbacia lixula (Ruitton et al, 2006;Bulleri et al, 2009;Cebrian et al, 2011;Tomas et al, 2011a).…”