First report on the presence of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins enniatins (A, A1, B, B1), beauvericin and fusaproliferin in rice on the Moroccan retail markets

Biosynthesis of beauvericin and enniatins in vitro by wheat Fusarium species and natural grain contamination in an area of central Italy

“…With regard to the simultaneous occurrence of BEA and ENs in the analyzed samples, the results of this work are in agreement with other studies in which co-contaminations by different EN analogues and by EN analogues plus BEA have been shown in different cereal based matrices Juan et al, 2013aJuan et al, , 2013bLindblad et al, 2013;Mahnine et al, 2011;Meca et al, 2010;Serrano et al, 2013;Sifou et al, 2011;Zinedine et al, 2011). In addition, the same samples analyzed in this work also showed the simultaneous presence of trichothecenes (Covarelli et al, 2014).…”

“…In fact, even if the frequency of the two types of mycotoxins was similar, EN contamination levels were considerably higher than BEA ones. The same pattern was also observed in other countries Jestoi et al, 2004a;Juan et al, 2013aJuan et al, , 2013bLindblad et al, 2013;Meca et al, 2010;Sifou et al, 2011;Zinedine et al, 2011). Furthermore, our results show similar EN and BEA contamination levels in comparison to those detected in cereal samples coming from Italy.…”

“…In fact, the maximum contamination levels detected during a survey conducted on Italian cereal products and multicereal food were 1100 mg kg À1 for ENs and 70 mg kg À1 for BEA . However, BEA and EN grain contaminations reported in the present study are lower if compared to those described in other Mediterranean countries Marin et al, 2013;Meca et al, 2010;Oueslati et al, 2011;Santini et al, 2012;Serrano et al, 2012;Sifou et al, 2011;Zinedine et al, 2011) and seem to be more similar to those obtained in studies performed with cereals harvested in northern European countries Lindblad et al, 2013;Santini et al, 2012) and Canada (Tittlemier et al, 2013).…”

“…Some methods have been described in the scientific literature for the detection of BEA and ENs in cereals and derived products (Jestoi et al, 2005;Santini et al, 2009;Serrano et al, 2012) and BEA and EN analogues (A, A1, A2, B, B1, B2 and B4) have been detected in different food commodities during the last ten years. These mycotoxins have been found to be common contaminants of cereals and derived products in many countries such as Spain (Meca et al, 2010;Serrano et al, 2013Serrano et al, , 2012, Morocco Sifou et al, 2011;Zinedine et al, 2011), Tunisia (Oueslati et al, 2011), Italy (Jestoi et al, 2004b;Juan et al, 2013aJuan et al, , 2014, Portugal (Blesa et al, 2012), Poland (Stepie n et al, 2013), Finland (Jestoi et al, 2004a(Jestoi et al, , 2004bLogrieco et al, 2002), Norway (Uhlig et al, 2006), Sweden and Canada (Tittlemier et al, 2013).…”

Airborne fungal succession in a rice field of Cuba

“…Although mycotoxin contamination is less commonly reported for rice than for many other cereal crops, rice is a very good substrate for fungal growth and toxinogenesis (Tanaka et al 2007). Rice is usually harvested at very high humidity levels (35-50%) which also favours the development of fungi capable of producing considerable amounts of mycotoxins (Sifou et al 2011).…”