The design and construction of superconducting magnets has been made possible by the development of technical superconductors. There are three principal materials: the alloy niobiumtitanium (NbTi), the intermetallic compound niobiumtin (Nb
3
Sn), and the collective high‐temperature superconductors (HTSs) based on copper oxide layers in a perovskite structure.
Technical superconductors are a class having special properties that allow superconductor operation in high magnetic fields and with useful current densities. Superconductors are of two types; both can support the flow of electrical current without resistance only below a combination of maximum temperature, field, and current density, with critical parameters
T
c
,
B
c
, and
J
c
[1]. For type I superconductors, typical values of
T
c
and
B
c
are 9 K and 0.1 T, respectively. Flux is excluded from the bulk of a type I superconductor, and current flows only in a surface layer, about 10
−4
mm thick.
By contrast, type II superconductors allow flux to penetrate into the bulk of the lattice in the form of an array of flux quanta.