First simultaneous measurements of Na and K thermospheric layers along with TILs from Arecibo

Raizada, S.; Brum, C. G. M.; Tepley, C. A.; Lautenbach, J.; Friedman, J. S.; Mathews, J. D.; Djuth, F. T.; Kerr, C.

doi:10.1002/2015gl066714

Cited by 26 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…We thus investigate the relevant TEC variations in Figures 2d-2g and geomagnetic variations in Figures 2h-2k, respectively, during the occurrence of the reporting layers. Raizada et al (2015) not only had simultaneous observation of thermospheric Na and K thermospheric layers but also had simultaneous high-resolution observation of ionospheric electron distribution with incoherent scatter radar. Furthermore, after reviewing the Dst (disturbance storm time) index (http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/), we found that there were no geomagnetic storms in these nights.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The newest discovery of thermospheric neutral metal layers extending to 130-170 km have stimulated considerable community interest in part due to their use as tracers for resonance lidar temperature and wind measurements, thus potentially tripling the altitude range for atmospheric dynamics studies into the thermosphere. While three of the five additional publications reported Na layers, Friedman et al (2013) reported K layers and Raizada et al (2015) reported simultaneous observation of Na and K layers. Since then, there are five additional publications reporting layers to beyond 130 km, one (Tsuda et al, 2015) from another Antarctic station over Syowa Station (69.0°S, 39.6°E); two (Friedman et al, 2013;Raizada et al, 2015) from the same tropic station, Arecibo (18.35°N, 66.75°W); and two from lower midlatitude stations at Lijiang, China (26.7°N, 100.0°E) by Gao et al (2015), and Cerro Pachón, Chile (30.25°S, 70.74°W) by Liu et al (2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rare layers above the main layers extending to below 130 km were reported (mostly in Na) over the past 20 years (see, for example, Collins et al, 1996) have received renewed interest by Gong et al (2003) and others with different names. Since then, there are five additional publications reporting layers to beyond 130 km, one (Tsuda et al, 2015) from another Antarctic station over Syowa Station (69.0°S, 39.6°E); two (Friedman et al, 2013;Raizada et al, 2015) from the same tropic station, Arecibo (18.35°N, 66.75°W); and two from lower midlatitude stations at Lijiang, China (26.7°N, 100.0°E) by Gao et al (2015), and Cerro Pachón, Chile (30.25°S, 70.74°W) by Liu et al (2016). Fe layers between 110 and 155 km over McMurdo,Antarctica (77.8°S,166.7°E) by Chu et al (2011) was the first report of this type.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The First Concurrent Observations of Thermospheric Na Layers From Two Nearby Central Midlatitude Lidar Stations

Xun

Yang

She

et al. 2019

Geophysical Research Letters

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In 2011, Chu et al. reported the observation of neutral Fe layers reaching 155 km. Since then, there are five additional reports of layers extending above 130 km to as high as 170 km, none from central middle latitudes (35°–55°), a large atmospheric region of considerable importance. Here we report the first concurrent observations of thermospheric Na layers from two nearby lidar stations so located, Yanqing (40.5°N, 116.0°E) and Pingquan (41.0°N, 118.7°E). From one‐year data set, we found four such layers, including an unprecedented one reaching 200 km with highest density of 35 cm−3 and fastest descending rate. While the main Na layers were comparable, in three nights, these thermospheric layers were observed only in one station (Yanqing), suggesting that these layers often occur locally with a horizontal scale less than ~250 km. We tabulate, compare, and discuss the principle characteristics of all the reported thermospheric layers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The First Concurrent Observations of Thermospheric Na Layers From Two Nearby Central Midlatitude Lidar Stations

Xun

Yang

She

et al. 2019

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Meanwhile, at low latitude, thermospheric Na layers up to 170 km with descending tidal phases at Lijiang (26.7°N, 100.0°E) are also seen [ Xue et al ., ; Gao et al ., ]. Later, Raizada et al [] compared the simultaneous observations of Na and K between 120 and 150 km altitudes along with ionospheric tidal ion layers (TILs). They found that the TILs display an average downward phase velocity of ~14.7 ms −1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Double sporadic metal layers as observed by colocated Fe and Na lidars at Wuhan, China

Wang

Huang

2017

JGR Space Physics

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In this paper, we report a set of double sporadic layer events observed by Fe and Na lidars over Wuhan, China. The two sporadic metal layers above normal layer were named as upper and middle sporadic metal layers, respectively. In these events, the upper, middle, and normal Fe layers presented altitude separately. There were nine double sporadic Fe events observed in 163 nights during 2010–2013. Eight of the nine events were observed in summer. The maximum ratios of peak density for upper and middle sporadic Fe layers to normal Fe layer were up to ~375% and ~225%, respectively. The peak altitudes of upper (middle) sporadic Fe layers were in the range of 102–107 km (95–98.5 km). The double sporadic Fe layers lasted more than 2 h. Interestingly, we found that density enhancement occurred simultaneously in upper, middle, and normal Fe layers on two events. On the nine Fe events, there existed five nights of colocated Na lidar observations. We found that double sporadic Na and Fe layers simultaneously appeared. They presented similar structures, altitudes, and temporal variations in all five compared events. A little different from Fe, the middle sporadic Na layer was not separated from Na main layer maybe for the wide altitude range of Na main layer. The ratios of upper (middle) sporadic Fe and Na peak values were in the range of 6.6–52 (0.57–6.58). While the exact formation mechanism responsible for double sporadic metal layers is still unclear, some possible explanations and corresponding observations are discussed.

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“…In this study, we report simultaneous observations of Na, K, and temperature carried out at the Arecibo Observatory (AO), which houses three resonance lidars, including a K Doppler lidar with temperature capability. Potassium and any other metal species from Na, Fe, Ca, and Ca + can be observed simultaneously [e.g., Tepley et al, 2003;Raizada et al, 2004Raizada et al, , 2011Raizada et al, , 2012Raizada et al, , 2015aRaizada et al, , 2015b. Simultaneous observation of K, Na, and temperature, however, is limited to only a few nights.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous and common‐volume lidar observations of K/Na layers and temperature at Arecibo Observatory (18°N, 67°W)

Yue

Zhou

et al. 2016

JGR Atmospheres

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Key point 1: First simultaneous observations of mesospheric K, Na, and temperature at Arecibo.Key point 2: Variations of Na and K layers are closely related to temperature.Key point 3: Na densities are more sensitive to temperature changes than K. AbstractWe present the first simultaneous and common-volume observations of mesospheric K and Na densities and temperature conducted by a K Doppler lidar and a Na lidar at the Arecibo Observatory (18.35°N, 66.75°W), Puerto Rico. Measurements reported here were conducted on three nights with 9, 6 and 7 hours of observations in December 2003 and January 2004.The behaviors of the Na and K layer and the temperature variations showed that the bottom edges of the Na and K layers matched one another almost exactly. Layer peak and column densities increased/decreased together with temperature for the Na layer, but not for the K layer. The correlation between temperature and density fluctuations was strongly positive at and just below the peak altitude of the nightly mean density profile but transitioned to negative several kilometers above the respective peak of either Na or K. The peak densities of the sporadic Na and K layers occurring at low altitudes did not behave in the same manner especially when the background temperature decreased. We discuss, qualitatively, the impact of dynamical and chemical effects on the behaviors of the Na and K layers. Our analysis suggests that wave-induced dynamical transport can account for the observed correlations between temperature, Na density and K density fluctuations. Dynamical transport and wave-induced chemical transport have similar effects on the behaviors of the Na and K layers.The resulting differences in Na and K layers are qualitatively consistent with different dependences on temperature of the Na and K chemistries.

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First simultaneous measurements of Na and K thermospheric layers along with TILs from Arecibo

Cited by 26 publications

References 53 publications

The First Concurrent Observations of Thermospheric Na Layers From Two Nearby Central Midlatitude Lidar Stations

The First Concurrent Observations of Thermospheric Na Layers From Two Nearby Central Midlatitude Lidar Stations

Double sporadic metal layers as observed by colocated Fe and Na lidars at Wuhan, China

Simultaneous and common‐volume lidar observations of K/Na layers and temperature at Arecibo Observatory (18°N, 67°W)

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