First Steps in the Construction of a Scale for the Measurement of Aggression

Individual Differences

“…Another innovation is the North Central Test of Mental Ability devel oped by French (60) Among the personality tests, Zaks & Walters (192,180) have developed an aggression scale, for which they present some evidence of validity. An DuBOIS interesting development is that of Peters (135), who has devised a word association test in multiple choice form.…”

A Study of the Relationship Between Overt Behavior and: I) TAT Fantasy Aggression and the Stimulus Properties of Selected TAT Cards, II) Self-Report Measures of Aggression and Guilt, III) TAT Fantasy Aggression, Self-Report Measures and Personal Data

“…Both aggressive and non-aggressive subjects gave more aggressive responses to high ambiguous cards than low ambiguous cards when ignoring the cue relevance of the cards, Kaplan (1967) The current study attempts to measure aggressive tendencies objectively. Many attempts have been made to develop objective instruments for the measurement of aggression (Buss and Durkee, 1957;Cook and Medley, 1954;Ganzer and Sarason, 1968;Saltz and Epstein, 1963;Sarason and Winkel, 1966;Zaks and Walters, 1959). Validity studies of many of the above and other inventories developed to measure aggression have not been encouraging (Buss, 1961;Liebowitz, 1968;Megargee and Mendelsohn, 1962;Murstein and Wiens, 1965;and Rabinowitz, 1975 (Murstein, 1968).…”

“…One scale which has been used in several studies is the Zaks and Walters Aggression Scale. Zaks and Walters (1959) began developing the scale with 33 items described as including the following three types of items:…”

An Examination of Three Models of Television Viewing and Aggression

“…Aggression is defined as observed or self-reported activity of the following kinds: physical violence against a living target; negative affect produced by arguing, shouting, or screaming threats, curses or criticism; explosions with negative affect at the slightest provocation, perceived by the observer as quick temper, grouchiness, exasperation or rudeness; actions carried out without affect to achieve a desired end, which produces physical violence against a living target; and undirected acts against targets which produce any of the behaviors listed above by means of an intermediary. This variable is operationalized by a weighted sum of items from the Buss-Durkee (1957), Zaks-Walters (1959) and McLeod et al (1972) inventories. The rationale for including items from different inventories in a summed index is that while individual conceptualizations and measures of aggression may be controversial, the inclusion of diverse items is more likely to measure the full range of attitudes and behaviors represented by the term "aggression."…”