First trimester determination of fetal gender by ultrasonographic measurement of anogenital distance: A cross-sectional study

Najdi, Nazila; Safi, Fatemeh; Hashemi-Dizaji, Shahrzad; Sahraian, Ghazal; Jand, Yahya

doi:10.18502/ijrm.v17i1.3820

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 19 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Our results agree with what Najdi et al 8 reported approximately 11-week-old fetuses where the sensitivity was 70% and area under the curve was 0.748, corresponding to 72% and 0.738 in our study. Although, the majority of previous studies reported significant predictive performances in contrast with the current findings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…In first-trimester pregnancies, female and male fetuses had mean AGDs of 3.6 mm and 5.1 mm respectively in a Turkish population, 4.0 mm and 4.7 mm in a Persian population, and 4.1 and 5.90 mm in a French study. [7][8][9] Such values expressed 2.2-23% differences in each gender. The Arabic Saudi population had a larger absolute mean AGD compared with values found in previous studies, ranging from 14-36% in male fetuses and from 36-48% in female fetuses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…5,6 Anogenital distance (AGD) is a recently introduced sonographic marker of fetal gender. [7][8][9][10][11] It is based on measuring the distance between the anus and the base of the genital tubercle in the perineal region. 12 Anogenital distance is sexually dimorphic since its length is dependent on hormonal levels.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14 In humans, sonographically measured AGD successfully dichotomized male and female fetuses. [7][8][9][10][11]15 In these studies, AGD measurement was a safe, non-invasive, and relatively cheap method of early gender identification. However, AGD measurement lacks the required validation in large samples from different populations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Predictive value and reference ranges of anogenital distance for determining fetal gender in the first trimester

Alfuraih

Alotaiby

Alsaadi

et al. 2021

SMJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

5.92( ‫اإلناث‬ ‫األجنة‬ ‫بني‬ AGD ‫متوسط‬ ‫في‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫فرق‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫كان‬ ‫النتائج:‬ 15% ‫بحوالي‬ )]7.00 ، 6.61[ ‫مم‬ 6.80( ‫والذكور‬ )]6.14 ، 6.70[ ‫مم‬ ‫ومع‬ )r=0.573، p<0.001( ‫احلمل‬ ‫عمر‬ ‫مع‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫مرتبط‬ )p<0.001( ‫بأن‬ ‫اللوجستي‬ ‫االنحدار‬ ‫أشار‬ .)CRL )r=0.562، p<0.001 ‫اجلنني‬ ‫طول‬ ‫أن‬ ROC ‫حتليل‬ ‫أظهر‬ ‫ذلك،‬ ‫ومع‬ .)p<0.001( ‫للجنس‬ ‫مؤثر‬ ‫متنبئ‬ ‫كان‬ AGD ‫و‬ )p<0.001( 70٪ ‫و‬ )p=0.001( 68% ‫عند‬ ‫منخفضة‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫الكلية‬ ‫الدقة‬ ‫كان‬ ‫التوالي.‬ ‫على‬ ‫احلمل‬ ‫من‬ ً ‫أسبوعا‬ 13 ‫و‬ 12 ‫و‬ 11 ‫ألعمار‬ )p=0.017( 64% ‫األخرى.‬ ‫األجناس‬ ‫من‬ ‫األدبيات‬ ‫في‬ ‫ورد‬ ‫مما‬ ‫أطول‬ ‫السعوديات‬ ‫احلوامل‬ ‫لدى‬ AGD CI 95%[ 0.896 ‫عند‬ ‫ا‬ ً ‫جوهري‬ ‫ًا‬ ‫اتفاق‬ ‫الداخلي‬ ‫القارئ‬ ‫استنساخ‬ ‫قابلية‬ ‫أظهرت‬ .]0.845-0.930

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

mentioning

confidence: 92%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Predictive value and reference ranges of anogenital distance for determining fetal gender in the first trimester

Alfuraih

Alotaiby

Alsaadi

et al. 2021

SMJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As in rodents, human males have a longer AGD than females at birth/during childhood and adulthood [10][11][12][13][14] (Figure 1). This sex difference first emerges at 11-13 weeks' gestation and becomes maximally different (1.7-to 2-fold) by 17-20 weeks' gestation, whether measured directly in abortuses [15,16] or in utero by ultrasound [17][18][19][20][21]. Thus, if the male-female difference in AGD is determined in humans in a MPW, as it is in rodents, this clearly locates the MPW in the 1st trimester, probably within the period 8-14 weeks' gestation [7,10] (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Androgens and the masculinization programming window: human–rodent differences

Sharpe

2020

Biochemical Society Transactions

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Human male reproductive disorders are common and may have a fetal origin — the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) hypothesis. In rats, experimentally induced TDS disorders result from disruption of fetal androgen production/action specifically in the masculinization programming window (MPW). MPW androgen action also programs longer anogenital distance (AGD) in male versus female rats; shorter male AGD is correlated with risk and severity of induced TDS disorders. AGD thus provides a lifelong, calibrated readout of MPW androgen exposure and predicts likelihood of reproductive dysfunction. Pregnant rat exposure to environmental chemicals, notably certain phthalates (e.g. diethyl hexl phthalate, DEHP; dibutyl phthalate, DBP), pesticides or paracetamol, can reduce fetal testis testosterone and AGD and induce TDS disorders, provided exposure includes the MPW. In humans, AGD is longer in males than females and the presumptive MPW is 8–14 weeks’ gestation. Some, but not all, epidemiological studies of maternal DEHP (or pesticides) exposure reported shorter AGD in sons, but this occurred at DEHP exposure levels several thousand-fold lower than are effective in rats. In fetal human testis culture/xenografts, DEHP/DBP do not reduce testosterone production, whereas therapeutic paracetamol exposure does. In humans, androgen production in the MPW is controlled differently (human chorionic gonadotrophin-driven) than in rats (paracrine controlled), and other organs (placenta, liver, adrenals) contribute to MPW androgens, essential for normal masculinization, via the ‘backdoor pathway’. Consequently, early placental dysfunction, which is affected by maternal lifestyle and diet, and maternal painkiller use, may be more important than environmental chemical exposures in the origin of TDS in humans.

show abstract

First trimester identification of fetal sex by ultrasound

Schaefer

McKenna

Sonek

2023

Arch Gynecol Obstet

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The hypothesis was fetal sex determination by ultrasound at 11-14 weeks' gestation has su cient accuracy to be clinically relevant. MethodsFetal sex assessment by transabdominal ultrasound was performed in 567 fetuses at 11-14 weeks' gestation (CRL: 45-84 mm). A midsagittal view of the genital region was obtained. The angle of the genital tubercle to a horizontal line through the lumbosacral skin surface was measured. The fetus was assigned male sex if the angle was > 30 degrees, and female sex if the genital tubercle was parallel or convergent (< 10 degrees). At an intermediate angle of 10-30 degrees the sex was not assigned. The results were divided into three categories based on gestational age: 11 + 2 to 12 + 1, 12 + 2 to 13 + 1, and 13 + 2 to 14 + 1 weeks' gestation. To establish its accuracy, the rst trimester fetal sex determination was compared to fetal sex determined on a mid-second trimester ultrasound. ResultsSex assignment was successful in 534/683 (78%) of the cases. The overall accuracy of fetal sex assignment across all gestational ages studied was 94.4%. It was 88.3%, 94.7%, and 98.6% at 11 + 2 to 12 + 1, 12 + 2 to 13 + 1, and 13 + 2 to 14 + 1 weeks' gestation, respectively. ConclusionPrenatal sex assignment at the time of rst trimester ultrasound screening has a high accuracy rate. The accuracy improved with increasing gestational age, which suggests that if clinically important decisions, such as chorionic villus sampling, are to be made based on fetal sex, they should be delayed until the latter part of the rst trimester. What Does This Study Add To Clinical WorkThe purpose of this manuscript was to assess the accuracy of fetal sex determination during a routine ultrasound examination in the rst trimester between 11 and 14 weeks' gestation.Ultrasonography can be helpful in determining risk assessment of sex-linked genetic conditions, speci cally X-linked recessive conditions affecting males, and accuracy with fetal sex identi cation in the rst trimester could provide for earlier detection for counseling and/or treatment.

show abstract

First trimester determination of fetal gender by ultrasonographic measurement of anogenital distance: A cross-sectional study

Abstract: .

Cited by 11 publications

References 19 publications

Predictive value and reference ranges of anogenital distance for determining fetal gender in the first trimester

Predictive value and reference ranges of anogenital distance for determining fetal gender in the first trimester

Androgens and the masculinization programming window: human–rodent differences

First trimester identification of fetal sex by ultrasound

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About